glossary

Glossary of Veterinary Terms And Conditions

Aberrant

Varying from the norm

Abcess

A septic region caused by bacterial infection, which consists of a pool of pus surrounded by a wall of fibrous tissue

Abdominocentesis

The insertion of a needle into the abdominal cavity to remove fluids.

Abortion

Loss of puppies (foetuses) while still in the womb, perhaps as a result of trauma, hormonal imbalance or an infection

Abrasion

A superficial wound

Acromegaly

A cronic condition in which there is increased tissue and bone growth as a result of an over-production of growth hormone. Snoring is a common sign in affected dogs

Activated charcoal

Charcoal which has been treated to increase its adsorptive power (ability to have chemicals adhere to it); used to treat various forms of poisoning.

Active Immunity

Immunity produced when an animal's own immune system reacts to a stimulus e.g., a virus or bacteria, and produces antibodies and cells which will protect it from the disease caused by the bacteria or virus. Compare with 'passive immunity.'

Acute

Severe and short course - applied to the disease or condition

Adhesions

The fusing together of tissues, usually applied to organs in the abdominal cavity and may occur after an operation

Addison's Disease

The inability of the adrenal cortex to produce hormones. The pituitary gland produces a hormone that triggers the adrenal gland to produce corticosteroids. If there is a problem with the adrenal gland, or a pituitary tumor, the process breaks down and not enough corticosteroids are produced. Characterized by vomiting, diarrhoea, weakness, weight loss, anorexia, and fatigue, excessive thirst and increased frequency of urination

Adrenergic

Communication between the nerves and muscles that uses epinephrine as the 'messenger.' Adrenergic stimulation is what is involved in the 'flight or fight' response, which means the body is alerted to a danger of some sort and prepares to basically run or fight. Adrenergic stimulation results in an increased heart rate, sweating, and increased blood pressure.

Adulticide

Medication formulated to kill adult forms of a parasite.

Adjuvant

A substance added to killed vaccines to stimulate a better immune response by the body. Common adjuvants contain aluminum compounds.

Aetiology

The cause (of a disease or condition). Sometimes spelt etiology

Afterbirth

The membranes (placenta) expelled with the puppies during and after birth

Agalactia

Failure to produce milk perhaps caused by hormonal imbalance, stress mastitis or generalised disease

Allergy

Immunological hypersensitivity to certain foreign antigens.

Aminoglycoside

A class of antibiotics which act by interfering with bacterial protein synthesis within the bacteria which results in the death of the bacteria. Antibiotics in this class include gentamicin (Gentocin), kanamycin, neomycin, streptomycin, tobramycin, and amikacin. Many of these antibiotics are not well-absorbed from the animal's digestive system, so are often administered as injections, or used topically.

Amylase

Digestive enzyme, produced by the pancreas which breaks down carbohydrates and starches

Anabolic Steroid

A hormone which promotes growth. Anabolics are used only in very specific situations by veterinary surgeons

Anaemia

Reduced number of red cells in the blood. The red cells contain the protein 'hemoglobin' which binds oxygen in the red blood cell. This allows the transport of oxygen from the lungs to the tissues. Symptons include weakness, reluctance to exercise, pale mucus membranes and tachycardia (abnormally rapid heart rate). There are many causes and diagnosis can be difficult

Anaerobes

Bacteria which like to grow in the absence of air. They may occur in the uterus and are often associated with inflammation of the gums

Anal Adenomata

Knobbly tumours situated just under the skin around the anus in older dogs

Anal Furunculosis

Sinus formation around the anus possibly from an infected anal sac

Analgesic

A medicine which relieves pain

Anaphylaxis

Hypersensitivity to injected foreign material eg. wasp sting. Anaphylaxis is a rare, life-threatening, immediate allergic reaction to something ingested or injected. If untreated, it results in shock, respiratory and cardiac failure, and death. See article: Anaphylaxis in Dogs and Cats. May also be referred to as anaphylactic shock or anaphylactoid reaction.

Anatomy

The physical structure of the body. Understanding the words used to express positioning on a dog’s body helps a great deal in understanding veterinary lingo. For the directions below, the dog is standing in the center of a room with his head facing the north wall.
On the body: Dorsal - toward the ceiling or back Ventral - toward the floor or belly Cranial, or anterior - toward the north wall or head Caudal, or posterior - toward the south wall or butt Lateral - toward the east or west wall or side Medial - toward the midline, away from the east or west walls	On the limbs: Proximal - toward the body Distal - away from the body Palmar - the front foot pads Plantar - the rear foot pads	Movement: Flexion - decreasing a joint’s angle Extension - increasing a joint’s angle

Aneurysm

A dilated sac on a blood vessel

Anesthesia

Loss of sensation or feeling; induced artificially with drugs to permit painful procedures such as surgery.

Angiography

The x-ray of vessels after injecting a contrasting fluid.

Anoxia

Lack of oxygen

Positioned in front of another body part, or towards the head of the animal. Opposite of posterior.

Anthelmintic

Medication which kills certain types of intestinal worms; dewormer.

Antibiotic

A substance, eg penicillin, produced by micro-organisms which inhibits the growth of, or destroys, bacteria. They may be given by injection, by mouth or applied locally

Antibody

These are proteins produced by the immune system in response to antigens; an important component of the immune system.

Antibody Titer

A measurement of the amount of antibodies in the blood. The test to measure antibodies is usually performed by making a number of dilutions of the blood and then measuring at what dilution there is sufficient antibody to react in the test. For example, a titer of 1:8 (one to eight) means the blood can be diluted to one part blood and seven parts saline and still produce a positive reaction in the test. The higher the titer (1:16 is higher than 1:8), the more antibody is present.

Anticoagulation

Stopping the blood clotting process.

Anticonvulsant

A drug used to prevent or decrease the severity of convulsions.

Antidiuretic Hormone

A hormone produced by the pituitary gland that reduces the production of urine in the kidneys and therefore prevents water loss; also called 'vasopressin.'

Antiemetic

An agent that decreases or stops vomiting.

Antigen

A foreign substance that stimulates an immune response.

Antihistamine

A medicine which counteracts the effects of histamine, a substance released locally in insect bites or stings and which causes inflammation in the tissues

Antiprotozoal

An agent that kills protozoa, which are one-celled organisms such as Giardia.

Antipruritic

Relieves itching

Antipyretic

A substance used to relieve fever.

Antiseptic

A substance that kills or inhibits the growth of micro-organisms

Antiserum

Blood serum containing high levels of antibody - used as a treatment for virus infections eg. canine distemper

Anuria

The condition of complete failure in the function of the kidneys such that no urine is produced.

Apnoea

Cessation of breathing

Aqueous Humor

The fluid found within the eyeball which provides nourishment to the interior eye structures and keeps the eyeball inflated.

Arthritis

Inflammation of a joint. Caused by untypical stress on a normal joint, or by normal stress on an abnormal joint. Polyarthritis is immune mediated, and is arthritis in multiple joints.

Arrhythmia

A variation from normal heart rhythm.

Articular

Pertaining to a joint.

Ascites

Accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity mostly associated with heart disease or liver disease

Asymptomatic

A term used to decide a condition in which no symptoms are present.

Ataxia

Unco-ordinated gait (A lack of muscle coordination, usually causing an abnormal or staggered gait)

Atopy

Atopy is the medical term for allergy; more specifically allergic reactions in the body resulting from inhaled or contact allergens such as pollen, mold or dust. Canine atopy is similar to hay fever in humans, but instead of causing runny nose / eyes and sneezing, the vast majority of veterinary atopy cases result in itchy skin. Some animals do suffer from asthma or related respiratory signs, but they are in the minority. Atopy is thought to be heredity, so breeding atopic animals is discouraged.

Atrial fibrillation

A heart condition in which the atria (chambers of the heart that receive the blood) contract rapidly, irregularly, and independently of the ventricles (the chambers of the heart that pump the blood). This greatly decreases the efficiency of the heart and its ability to move blood.

Atrial flutter

Atrium (Plural atria)

The two chambers of the heart that receive blood. The right atrium receives blood from the body. The left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the lungs.

Atrophy

An abnormal decrease in size of an organ or tissue

Aural Resection

An operation to open up the external ear canal to allow exposure to the air - used to cure chronic ear disease

Auriscope

An instrument used for looking into the ears

Autogenous Vaccine

A vaccine prepared from a micro-organism isolated from animals affected by an outbreak of disease

Autoimmune Disease

The inability of the immune system to differentiate the body’s own cells from foreign substances, triggering an inflammatory response against itself resulting in the body rejecting its own tissues. This can be in the form of a very specific immune attack, such as the destruction of pancreatic islet cells resulting in diabetes mellitus, or a broad immunologic injury such as lupus.

Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia

The body produces antibodies directed against its own red blood cells, causing their destruction.

Autosomal

Any of the chromosomes other than the sex pair, the ‘X’ or ‘Y’ chromosomes.

Azotemia

The presence of increased nitrogenous (containing nitrogen) waste products in the blood as a result of kidney malfunction.

B
Bacteria	One celled micro-organisms
Balanitis	Localised heat, redness, swelling and pain of the sheath which covers the penis
Balanoposthitis	Localised heat, redness, swelling and pain of the sheath which covers the penis and the penis itself
Benign	Not malignant, recurring or spreading. Usually applied to tumours
Beta Blockers	Heart medications which block certain receptors in the heart called beta receptors. The beta receptors receive signals which generally increase the heart rate. If the heart rate is abnormally fast and uneven, beta blockers will help stabilize the rate and rhythm of contractions.
BHS	Beta-haemolytic streptococci-round shaped bacteria which may cause tonsillitis or fading puppy syndrome
Bilateral	On both sides
Bilirubin	An orange-yellow pigment in bile that is a product of red blood cell breakdown; it is normally excreted with the urine or feces, and a buildup in the body can cause jaundice.
Biopsy	A small operation to take part of an infected tissue to diagnose the cause of a lesion and reach a prognosis
Blepharitis	Inflammation of the eyelids usually secondary to conjuctivitis
Blepharospasm	Spasm of the eyelids often resulting in complete closure of the lids due to eye pain, such as seen with a scratch on the cornea.
Bloat	Accumulation of gas in the stomach and/or intestines
Blood gases	Gases, such as oxygen or carbon dioxide, that are in the blood.
Blood glucose	A graph of blood glucose levels over time. At the time of insulin injection, and at regular intervals throughout the day, the level of glucose in the blood is determined through laboratory testing.
Bradycardia	An abnormal slowing of the heart rate.
Bronchitis	Inflammation of the bronchi
Brucellosis	Infection with the bacterium Brucella canis resulting in possibly neonatal puppy deaths, abortion, and infertility
BUN	Short for 'blood urea nitrogen,' a blood test that estimates kidney function
Bursa	A sac or purse-like structure made usually of connective tissue. The ovary of the bitch is enclosed in a bursa.
Bursitis	Inflammation of a bursa, a fluid filled sac which is present to protect a vulnerable part , usually a bony structure. eg. the elbow from trauma

C
Cachexia	A general wasting of the body or weakening of the brain during any debilitating chronic disease
Calculus (plural-Calculi)	A stone which has formed in the urinary bladder or gall bladder
Calcinosis Circumscripta	Deposits of calcium found in small lumps under the skin, in the tongue, or attatched to tendons or in joint capsules
Callus	The hard bony tissue which develops around the ends of a fractured bone during healing
Campylobacteriosis	An infection with campylobacer organisms. The most common signs of this infection is profuse diarrhoea but often the infection does not cause any signs
Cancer	A group of diseases caused by transformation of normal cells into malignant ones. When these cells shed and travel to other areas of the body, the cancer is said to metastasize. As the cancerous growth draws nutrients, and the general lack of well-being diminishes the appetite, the resultant emaciation is called cancer cachexia.
Canine Distemper	A serious, highly contagious viral disease (hard pad is a form of distemper)
Canine Parvovirus Infection	A viral disease which emerged suddenly in the late 1970's
Canker	A lay term used to describe chronic inflammation of the ear (otis externa) especially in cats and dogs
Carcinogenic	Cancer causing
Carcinoma	A type of malignant tumour arising in epithelial tissue
Cardiac	Pertaining to the heart, eg. cardiac failure
Cardiac Arrythmia	Irregular heart beats
Cardiopulmonary	Relating to the heart and lungs.
Cardiovascular	Related to the heart and blood vessels.
Carpus	The wrist (front leg) of dogs and cats.
Cateracts	Loss of transparency of the lens of the eye. Can be genetic or acquired as the result of injury or diabetes, etc. Also associated with PRA which is inherited. juvenile – develops in dogs less than 6 months old. punctate – small points.
Caudal	A directional term used to refer to an area more toward the cauda, or tail region; opposite of cranial.
Cautery	The destruction of abnormal tissue, usually to prevent bleeding, by applying a caustic substance or a hot or very cold instrument
Caval Syndrome	Disease caused by large numbers of worms in the right side of the heart and vena cava, which results in blood circulation problems in the liver leading to the breakdown of red blood cells, anemia, weakness, and collapse.
Cell-Mediated Immunity	The immunity that is the result of either special lymphocytes directly killing the foreign invader, or lymphocytes (T cells) releasing special chemicals which activate macrophages to kill the invader.
Cerebellar Degeneration	Degeneration of the cerebellar portion of the brain.
Cervical	Related to or pertaining to the cervix or the neck of the uterus
Cervical Vertebral Instability (wobblers)	Compression of the cervical (neck) spinal cord caused by instability or malformation of the cervical vertebrae. Dogs show lack of muscle coordination in the back legs and possibly neck.
Cerebellum	A portion of the brain, located on the brainstem, that controls coordination.
Cecum	A blind sac that opens into the colon; found in many animals.
Cherry Eye	Cherry eye is a common term for a prolapse of the third eyelid (nictitating membrane) of dogs. This produces a very red lump in the inside corner of the eye (or eyes if both are affected). The cause of cherry eye is not fully known, but thought to be a weakness in the tissue that normally holds the gland in place. This condition is not usually painful to the dog, but unsightly and will interfere with the normal tear production for that eye, as it contains a tear gland that is responsible for a portion of the tear production of the eye.
Chelation	Binding of a substance to a metal, thus helping the body to remove it.
Cheyletiella Infestation	An infestation of the skin with cheyletiella parasitavorax, the rabbit fur mite
Chorea	Any various nervous disorders marked by involuntary uncontrollable and irregular muscle twitching - most commonly as a sequal to canine distemper
Chorion	The outermost layer of the foetal membranes - part of the placenta
Chronic	Persisting over a long period of time, applied to a disease
Cleft Palate	A congenital split involving the hard or soft palate in the mouth. May cause nasal regurgitation in newborns. Known to be inherited in some breeds, may also be caused by environmental factors.
CNS	Central Nervous System
Coccidiosis	An infection with coccidial parasites resulting in diarrhoea
Coitus	Sexual intercourse
Colitis	Localised heat, redness, swelling and pain of the colon
Collie Eye Anomaly	A congenital disease of the eye
Colostrum	The first milk produced after giving birth
Coma	Unconsciousness
Chondroitin	Decreases the activity of enzymes which break down cartilage in a joint
Chondroprotective Agent	A nutritional supplement that protects cartilage
Conceptus	Offspring during development, an embryo, a foetus
Congenital	Present at birth. May or may not be inherited from parents and may or may not be passed on to off-spring.
Congestive Heart Failure	Chronic heart disease associated with breathlessness, coughing, exercise intolerance, fluid in the abdomen and weight loss
Conjuctivitis	Inflammation of the conjunctival sac in the eye which may be caused by a virus or bacterial infection, foreign bodies or malformed eyelids
Constipation	Failure to pass faeces. There are many causes
Contagious	Capable of being transmitted from one animal to another. Applied to a disease
Contusion	A bruise caused by a blow with a blunt object which leads to rupture of the small blood vessels under the skin
Coprophagy	Eating faeces
Corneal Ulceration	Ulceration of the front of the eye - the cornea
Corticosteroids	Medicine which mimic the action of the steroid hormones produced by the adrenal cortex. They are used most frequently for their anti-inflammatory action
Chronic	Of a long duration: a chronic illness persists for weeks, months, or even for the life of animal.
Chronic Superficial Keratitis	A chronic condition of the eye in which blood vessels grow across the cornea (the clear surface of the eye). The cornea looks hazy and sometimes reddened; it may eventually take on a dark pigment. This condition is also called pannus.
Cirrhosis	A liver disease caused by the replacement of damaged cells with connective tissue; severe scarring can eventually cause liver failure.
Coccidia	A one-celled parasite in the category of protozoa. In dogs and cats, coccidia are generally parasites of the intestinal tract. See article: Coccidia in Dogs and Cats.
Cognitive dysfunction	A common medical condition in older dogs that results from abnormal brain function, causing certain behavior changes such as disorientation, housebreaking problems, and changes in sleeping patterns and interactions with others.
Colitis	An infection or inflammation of the colon.
Collagenous Nevi	Benign, focal, developmental defects associated with increased deposition of dermal collagen. They are common in dogs, uncommon in cats, and rare in large animals. They generally are found in middle-aged or older animals, most frequently found on the head, neck, and areas prone to trauma. Excision (removing by cutting) is generally curative although, infrequently, expansive forms have been identified that may grow too large to be surgically removed.
Contusion	An injury to underlying tissues without breaking the skin; a bruise.
Core vaccine	Vaccine which should be given to all animals of certain species, example, parvovirus vaccine in dogs or panleukopenia in cats
Corticosteroid	Hormones produced by the adrenal gland which are important to almost every function of cells and organs. They are divided into two groups: glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids. Glucocorticoids regulate protein, carbohydrate, and fat metabolism. Mineralocorticoids regulate electrolyte balances.
Cortisol	The main glucocorticoid; a hormone naturally produced by the adrenal gland; it is synthesized commercially as hydrocortisone and is used to reduce inflammation.
Cranial	A directional term used to refer to the area near the cranium, or head region; opposite of caudal.
Cruciate	Shaped like a cross. Cruciate ligaments are found on the front (cranial or anterior) and the back (caudal or posterior) of the stifle (‘knee’) joint.
Cryptorchid Cryptorchidism	An animal with one or two undescended testicles. This is a condition where one or both testicles fail to appear in the scrotum after birth. The term "crypt-" means hidden or secret and "orchi-" refers to testicle. During fetal development, the testicles move from deep in the abdomen out through the groin area (inguinal canal) into the scrotum by 12 weeks of age in the dog and cat. This is a heritable trait. While affected animals may still be fertile, they should be castrated to prevent passing on this gene.
Cryosurgery	The application of intense cold to destroy diseased tissue
Cushing’s Disease	The pituitary gland produces a hormone that triggers the adrenal gland to produce corticosteroids. If there is a problem with the adrenal gland, or a pituitary tumor, the process breaks down and too much corticosteroids are produced by the adrenal cortex causing increased thirst, more frequent urination, enlarged abdomen, symetrical hair loss and skin changes. Similar signs may be produced by prolonged medication with corticosteroids
Cutaneous	Appertaining to the skin
Cyanosis	Used to describe tissues which have turned purple or black due to an inadequate blood supply (Bluish or grayish color to the skin and gums which occurs when the animal has insufficient oxygen.)
Cyst	A closed cavity (swelling) usually under the skin, filled with fluid, or semi-solid substance eg. sebaceous cyst. Generally harmless, but in some cases they may become malignant.
Cystitis	Inflammation of the urinary bladder usually as a result of a bacterial infection.
Cytokines	Compounds produced by certain cells, which act as messengers to control the action of lymphocytes and other cells in an immune response.
Cytology	The study of cells; often refers to the microscopic examination of a sample taken from the skin or lesion to look for the cause of a condition.

D
Demodectic Mange	Skin disease characterized by hair loss particularly on the head, face, neck, shoulders and the front of the forelegs. Caused by the demodex mange mite which is normally found on the skin of most dogs, but due to an abnormality of the immune system, the body overreacts to its presence. It can be treated, but it is occasionally resistant to treatment.
Dental Calculus	An accumulation of hard deposits (tartar) on the teeth
Dermal	Relating to the skin.
Dermatitis	Inflammation of the skin possibly caused by bacterial or fungal infections, skin parasites, contact irritants, hypersensitivity and self-inflicted trauma
Dermatomycosis	Ringworm infection which may be caused by three different fungi in dogs
Dew Claw	An extra claw near the carpus or below the hock, may be removed when puppies are a few days old
Diabetes insipidus	Inadequate secretion of, or resistance to the effects of, antidiuretic hormone (ADH or Vasopressin). This hormone stimulates the kidney retain water in the body. Consequently, the dog passes a large volume of urine with a low specific gravity, and also exhibits great thirst. It may be acquired, inherited, or idiopathic. mellitus – due to a failure of the pancreas to produce sufficient insulin, or the cells resistance to the effects of insulin the body is unable to properly process glucose. May require insulin injections, or may be controlled with diet. May be acquired or possibly inherited.
Diabetes Mellitus	Lack of insulin production by the pancreas or failure of tissues to the effects of the hormone leading to particularly, raised sugar levels in the blood, excessive thirst, increased frequency of urination and a voracious appetitie
Diapedesis	The passing of blood cells through the walls of intact blood vessels into the adjoining tissue
Diathermy	The destruction of tissue, usually to stop bleeding by using a high frequency electric current to generate heat
Digitalis Glycosides	Class of drugs including digitoxin and digoxin, which are drugs derived from the Digitalis purpurea plant, and used in the treatment of congestive heart failure.
Dilated Cardiomyopathy	A heart condition in which the heart enlarges, but the heart muscle becomes thinner.
Dislocation	Separation of the bones forming a joint
Diuresis	Increase in urine production
Diuretic	A medicine which increases the production of urine
Dominant	only one copy of a gene is necessary for a trait to be exhibited. At least one of the parents would also exhibit this same trait.
Duration of Immunity	Length of time an animal is protected from a disease. Vaccines for some diseases provide long durations of immunity (years), while vaccines for some other diseases only provide immunity that lasts for 6 months.
Duodenum	The first portion of the small intestine extending from the stomach to the jejunum; most chemical digestion and absorption of nutrients occurs here.
Dys-	A prefix meaning painful or difficult
Dysphagia	Difficulty swallowing.
Dysfibrinogenemia, factor I deficiency	Fibrinogen, or Factor I, is an important component of the "clotting cascade" which allows your body to stop bleeding. This disease is due to either an abnormally low amount of fibrinogen, or its complete absence, or the presence of a normal amount of an abnormal and less effective fibrinogen. Symptoms include easy or excessive bleeding or no symptoms at all.
Dysplasia	bad (dys) + growth (plasia) eg. hip dysplasia
Dyspnoea	Repiratory distress (Shortness of breath)
Dystocia	Difficult or abnormal birth
Dystrophic	Disorder caused by incorrect nutrition
Dysuria	Difficult or painful urination.

E
Ecbolic	A medicine which makes the uterus contract
E.coli	A bacterium present in the intestines, which may become pathogenic
Eclampsia	A nervous disease in lactating bitches caused by an imbalance of calcium or glucose in the blood, sometimes called lactating tetany
Ectopic Cilia	Hairs on the inside of the eyelids causing irritation to the eye.
Ectropion	Eyelid turns outward. Allows for the accumulation of foreign matter causing eye irritation.
Eczema	Inflammation, usually acute and wet, of the skin
Edema	A condition in which the tissues of the body contain too much body fluid. The fluid accumulation may cause swelling in the affected area.
Ejaculation	Expulsion of semen through the uretha to the outside
Elbow Dysplasia, ED	Asynchronous growth of the bones of the foreleg causing the joint to meet improperly.
Electrocardiogram (ECG)	A record, made by an electrocardiograph, of the heart's function
Electroencephalogram (EEG)	A record, made by an electroencephalograph, of brain function
Electrolytes	Substances that split up into ions when dissolved in water. Electrolyte solutions are often used as transfusions in dehydrated animals
Embolism	A plug, usually a blood clot, blocking a blood vessel
Embryo	A developing progeny in the uterus up to the time when major organs have developed
Emaciation	Excessive thinness or wasting, underweight
Emetic	This word can be used as an adjective, meaning "causing vomiting" or as a noun, "a medicine that induces nausea and vomiting". Vets treat animals who have ingested an emetic accidentally, such as a household chemical or poisonous plant, or they may administer an emetic to rid the body of a toxin or foreign object. A veterinarian may also administer an anti-emetic; a drug to stop vomiting or nausea due to other drugs (chemotherapy, anesthesia) or disease.
Emesis	Vomiting
Encephalitis	Inflammation of the brain; often caused by a virus.
Endemic	Usually applied to a disease which is present in an area at all times. Endemic is truly a medical term - the veterinary equivalent is enzootic
Endocarditis	Inflammation of the lining of the heart
Endocrine Glands	Glands which secrete hormones into the blood to act as chemical messengers
Endometritis	Inflammation of the womb usually after whelping. See also pyometra
Endometrium	The lining of the womb
Endoscope	An instrument for looking inside the body, usually through a natural opening, eg the vagina, but possible through an artificial opening eg a surgical wound
Enteritis	Inflammation of the intestines, usually associated with diarrhoea
Enteral Feeding	A method to feed an animal in which a tube is placed through the body wall into the intestine, and a nutritious liquid is forced through the tube into the intestine.
Enterotomy	An operation involving cutting into the intestines
Entropion	Eyelids turn inward causing hair to irritate the surface of the eye. Normally requires surgical correction, and sometimes requires multiple surgeries.
Epilepsy	Abnormal electrical function of the brain causing disturbances of the nervous system. Can be Acquired due to injury to the brain at birth, tumour, blow to the head, endocrine (hormonal) disorder, etc. or Idiopathic – no demonstrable cause, may be genetic.
Episiotomy	Incision of the vulva during parturition (whelping) to avoid excessive laceration and trauma to the genital tract
Epistaxis	Bleeding from the nose.
Eosinophil	A type of white blood cell that commonly increases in numbers as a response to parasites and allergies.
Eosinophilia	A condition in which there are more than the usual number of eosinophils in the circulating blood.
Eosinophilic Myositis	Inflammation of the jaw muscle, unknown cause
Erythema	Redness of the skin caused by blood clogging in small blood vessels.
Erythrocyte	Red blood cell; contains hemoglobin, which carries oxygen to the tissues.
Esophageal Reflux	A condition in which stomach contents move backward into the esophagus, i.e., heartburn.
Esophagus	The muscular tube for the passage of food from the mouth to the stomach.
Exophthalmos	The abnormal outward protrusion (bulging) of the eye.
Extensor Rigidity	A condition in which muscles contract and tend to straighten the limb, prevent it from relaxing.
Extracranial	Originating external to the cranial (brain) cavity.
Extrahepatic	Outside of the liver.

F
Fading Puppy Syndrome	An apparently normal puppy gradually weakens and dies within a week or two of birth.
False Negative Test Result	The result of a diagnostic test is negative; but the animal actually does have the condition tested for.
False Positive Test Result	The result of a diagnostic test is positive; but the animal actually does not have the condition tested for.
False Pregnancy	Signs of pregnancy and lactation in bitches which have not been mated or which have failed to concieve aslo called phantom pregnancy or pseudo pregnancy
Fertilization	The fusion between a spermatazoa and an egg
Fibrosarcoma	A malignant tumor arising from collagen-producing fibroblasts (an immature fiber-producing cell of connective tissue).
Fine Needle Aspirate	Suction is applied to a hollow needle which has been inserted into tissue and a core of the tissue is withdrawn to culture and/or examine microscopically.
First Intention	Applied to wounds that heal promptly
Fistula	An abnormal opening or duct leading into a natural canal, hollow organ or other part of the body
Foetus	A developing offspring in the uterus from the time when major organs have developed untill birth
Fomites	Particles in the air or environment which may act as carriers for infectious agents
Furunculosis	A bacterial infection of the skin whereby there are multiple openings in the skin surface through which pus drains eg. anal furunculosis
Fly-snapping	Repeated snapping at non-existent flying object has been associated with partial seizures, in some cases with ear infections, and in a few cases with food allergies. Some forms may be alleviated by seizure medications. A few have been alleviated with behavioral modification techniques, which may indicate that some forms are simply behavioral problems often caused by boredom.
Fracture	A broken bone
Fragmented Coronoid Process, FCP	The coronoid process fragments forming a loose body in the elbow joint, called a joint mouse. See elbow dysplasia.

G
Gait	The manner or style of movement; often used to assess horses or dogs for lameness.
Gangrene	Death and putrifaction of tissue
Gastric	Relating to the stomach.
Gastric Lavage	To flush out the stomach.
Gastritis	Inflammation of the stomach
Gastric Dilatation-Volvulus, Bloat	Gastric dilatation means stomach distention or enlargement, caused by expanding gas. This may or may not be accompanied by volvulus, or torsion, or twisting of the stomach on its long axis.
Gestation	Period of development of the young in the womb
Gingival	Relating to the gums
Gingivitis	Inflammation of the gums, mostly associated with the accumulation of tartar
Glaucoma	Increased pressure in the eye leading to a blueing of the cornea
Glomerulus	This literally means a small cluster; commonly used to refer to the renal glomerulus, the area of blood filtering in the kidney.
Glomerulonephritis	Inflammatory disease of the glomerulus, part of the kidney, which filters toxic waste from the blood. Tests of the urine can show a variety of abnormalities. Complete loss of kidney function can occur.
Glucocorticoid	Hormones produced by the adrenal gland which regulate protein, carbohydrate and fat metabolism, and are important to almost every function of cells and organs. They also stabilize cell membranes which is an important part of their function in treating allergic reactions. Also called glucocorticosteroids.
Glucocorticosteroid	Hormones produced by the adrenal gland which regulate protein, carbohydrate and fat metabolism, and are important to almost every function of cells and organs. They also stabilize cell membranes which is an important part of their function in treating allergic reactions. Also called glucocorticoids.
Glucosamine	One of the building blocks the body uses to make new cartilage.
Glucosuria	Glucose in the urine. (Also called glycosuria.)
Glossitis	Inflammation of the tongue
Glycogen	A storage form of glucose in the body.
Glycosaminoglycans	Compounds which serve as the building blocks of cartilage, which covers the ends of bones within a joint. Glucosamine and chondroitin are necessary for the body to make glycosaminoglycans.
Granuloma	The formation of a nodule as a result of inflammation.
Granulation Tissue	Tissue containing large numbers of blood vessels which occurs when wounds fail to heal promptly. It is particularly in large wounds which need to heal from the bottom

H
Haematology	Examination of the blood
Hemangiosarcoma	A malignant tumor of endothelial cells (the layer of cells that lines the cavities of the heart and of the blood and lymph vessels). (Epithelial cells cover all body surfaces, inside and out.)
Haematemesis	Vomiting blood - may be associated with gastric ulcers, some infectious diseases, acute poisoning or haemorrhagic gastroenteritis. This is a serious sign
Hematoma	Localized collection of blood, a lump under the skin. Dogs can get them in their ear flaps from violent and repeated shaking of the head, from such things as ear infections or insect stings.
Hematocrit	PCV (Packed Cell Volume), hematocrit: A laboratory test to monitor relative number of red blood cells present in the blood. A blood sample is placed in a tiny glass tube and spun in a centrifuge. The cells are heavier than the plasma and are compacted at one end of the tube. After the tube is spun, it is examined and the packed cell volume is determined as the percentage of the red cellular portion relative to the total amount of blood in the tube (i.e. remainder being the plasma). The normal for dogs is 40-59 and cats is 29-50.
Haematuria	Passage of blood in the urine
Hemophilia	An inherited defect of the blood. The blood lacks coagulating factors, causing a strong tendency to bleed, and difficulty in getting the bleeding to stop. hepatitis – inflammation of the liver. This can result from a variety of causes including infections (particularly viral), drugs, autoimmunity and genetics. The liver stores and filters blood, secretes bile, converts sugars, processes fat, produces proteins which help to control blood volume, and produces some of the clotting factors.
Hemolytic	Causing the red blood cells to break open.
Hemoptysis	Blood in the sputum
Haemorrhage	Bleeding
Haemorrhagic Gastroenteritis	A severe condition of dogs whereby there is vomiting and bloody diarrhoea of sudden onset accompanied by dehydration - an emergency situation
Heartworm	A species of parasitic worm (Dirofilaria immitis) that lives and reproduces in the chambers of the heart of an animal. Microscopic, immature worms (microfilariae) circulate in the blood and are taken in by mosquitoes that bite the animal. Microfilariae mature in the mouthparts of the mosquito and infect another susceptible animal bitten by the same mosquito.
Hepatic	Pertaining to the liver.
Hepatic Fibrosis	Scarring of the liver
Hepatitis	Inflammation of the liver resulting from viral or bacterial infection
Hepatomegaly	Enlargement of the liver.
Hepatocerebellar Degeneration	Death of liver cells causing poisoning of the white matter of the brain.
Heredity	The process of passing traits or characteristics from one generation to the next
Hermaphrodite	An animal that is bisexual - it has one ovary and one testicle
Hernia	Abnormal protrusion of organs through a weak spot or abnormal opening, usually in the abdominal or groin areas.
High Titer Vaccine	A modified live vaccine that contains a higher number of virus particles than the 'average' vaccine. High titer vaccines can generally elicit an immune system response in young animals who have a maternal antibody level that would prevent them from responding to an 'average' vaccine.
Hip Dysplasia, CHD, HD	Improper development of the hip joint, typically, the acetabulum (socket) is not deep enough for the femoral head (ball) to fit fully into place.
Histiocytomas	A small wart-like skin growth that will eventually disappear.
Histiocytosis	Abnormal appearance of histiocytes in the blood. (Histiocytes are produced by the bone marrow and are normally immobile until stimulated by inflammation. They are a type of antigen presenting cell.) cutaneous – benign proliferation of nodules in or under the skin malignant – a rapidly invasive proliferation of neoplastic (new growth) histiocytes. No known treatment, always fatal. systemic – proliferation of histiocytes invading the skin and lymph nodes. Can go into remission for years, or progress to the malignant form. Can be treated, but not cured.
Histology	Microscopic anatomy - looking at tissues with the aid of a microscope
Hormone	A chemical messenger transported by the blood and produced by an endocrine gland
Horners Syndrome	Drooping of the lower eyelid, and protrusion of the third eyelid caused by damage to the nerve supply in the eye
Hot Spots	Inflammation of the skin, dermatitis. Frequently caused by flea bites, or a hypersensitivity to an allergen. Can also be caused by bacteria building up in an area that the dog bites or scratches.
Hyper	A prefix to mean excessive eg. hyperthyroid, hyperactive
Hyperesthesia	Abnormal sensitivity to touch, pain, or other sensory stimuli.
Hyperplasia	Excessive growth of tissue
Hyperplastic	Abnormal increase in the amount of tissue, e.g., a hyperplastic ear would have increased numbers of cells in the ear canal, sometimes to the point of closing off the ear canal. In prostatic hyperplasia, the prostate enlarges due to an increased number of normal, not cancerous, cells.
Hyperthyroidism	Excessive production of thyroid hormones resulting in weakness, muscle wasting, weight loss, restlessness and increased heart rate
Hypertrophic Osteodystrophy, HOD	Inflammation of the growth plates, and can be accompanied by depression, weight loss, and fever. The joints may be swollen and feel hot. Mild cases usually resolve with no lasting ill effects. However, in the rare case of severe HOD, permanent damage to the bone joints can result in limb deformities.
Hypertension	Blood pressure above normal.
Hypertrophy	Increase in size of an organ or tissue
Hyperkalemia	Increased level of potassium in the blood.
Hyperphosphatemia	Elevated blood phosphate levels
Hyperpigmentation	An increased dark color in the skin caused by the pigment 'melanin.'
Hyphema	Refers to the presence of blood in the anterior chamber of the eye. The condition is usually due to blunt trauma of the eye, although it may occur following surgical procedures or even spontaneously as a result of other underlying disorders. The condition is often obvious to the casual observer as blood beneath the cornea obscuring the view of the iris (colored part of the eye).
Hypo	A prefix meaning deficient or low eg. hypothyroid
Hypoglycaemia	Lack of glucose in the blood
Hypotension	Lowered blood pressure
Hypothalamus	An area in the brain near the pituitary gland which produces a releasing factor that stimulates the production of FSH and LH
Hypothermia	Lowered body temperature
Hypothyroidism	Lack of thyroid hormone causing obesity, lethargy, bilateral hair loss and skin changes
Hypomyelination, tremblers	Reduction in the amount of myelin (cover or sheath) on the nerves. The disease has an early onset, and is considered to be an autosomal recessive trait.
Hypoplasia	Incomplete development, eg. vaginal hypoplasia
Hysterectomy	Surgical removal of the uterus
Hypovitaminosis A	A condition in which the body suffers from a deficiency in Vitamin A.
Hypoxia	Low oxygen level in blood and tissues.

I
Icterus	Commonly referred to as jaundice. A yellowing of the tissues, usually as a result of abnormal liver function.
Iatrogenic	Caused by medication
Incontinence	Inability to control urination and/or defecation.
Idiopathic	Of unknown cause
Ileus	A condition in which there is an absence of muscular contractions of the intestine which normally move the food through the system; can result in an intestinal obstruction.
Impetigo	A superficial pustular skin inflammation mostly associated with bacterial infection
Immune System	The body's defense system which recognizes infectious agents and other 'foreign' compounds (such as pollen), and works to destroy them.
Immune-Mediated	Immune-mediated reaction or disease: A condition or disease caused by abnormal activity of the immune system in which the body's immune system either over-reacts (e.g., immune-mediated contact dermatitis) or starts attacking the body itself (e.g., autoimmune hemolytic anemia).
Immunisation	To make an animal resistant (immune) to disease
Immunity	A condition in which the animal's immune system has been primed and is able to protect the body from a disease-causing agent such as a certain virus or bacteria. An animal could have immunity to one agent, such as parvovirus, but not have immunity to another agent, such as rabies.
Immunodeficiency	Reduced function of the immune system of an animal, making it more susceptible to infectious disease. Can be an inherited defect or caused by drugs, radiation, or viruses.
Immunostimulant	A compound which stimulates the immune system to work more effectively to kill bacteria, viruses, or cancer cells.
Immunosuppressive	Something, for instance a drug, hormone, or virus, that reduces the function of the immune system of an animal. An animal with reduced function of its immune system is called 'immunosuppressed.
Infectious	Caused by disease producing micro-organisms. Infectious diseases are not necessarily contagious
Insulinoma	Insulin-producing tumor of the pancreas; the increased production and blood level of insulin resulting from these tumors can cause low blood sugar (hypoglycemia).
Interstitial	Between parts or within the spaces of tissue.
Interdigital Cysts	Cysts between the toes
Intervertebral Disk Disease, IVDD	Pain and often paralysis resulting from displacement of the center of a vertebral disk.
Intra-articular	Given into a joint cavity. Not commonly used nowadays
Intramuscular	Given into muscles. Intramuscular injections are usually given into the hind leg. This route is used generally where a quick action is required
Intranasal	Through the nose. This route is used for vaccines designed to give local protection of the respiratory tract
Intraperitoneal	Into the abdominal cavity. This route is infrequently used nowadays
Intravenous	Into a vein viz, intravenous injection
Intromission	The entrance of the penis into the vulva
Intubation	Placing a tube in the trachea to facilitate breathing while under anaesthetic
Intussuception	The intestine telescopes on itself, causing a blockage.
Involution	The decrease in size of an organ, eg. the uterus after it has performed its function
Irritable Bowel Syndrome	Soft or watery feces, often with mucus. Associated with stress. Also called colitis.

J
Jaundice	Yellowish discolouration of the skin and the whites of the eyes due to excessive bile pigment in the blood. It is caused by any of several pathological conditions such as hepatitis in which normal processing of bile is interrupted. ("The condition in which there is a buildup of waste products in the body called bilirubin. Bilirubin is yellow in color, therefore, an animal with jaundice will have yellow gums, skin (often seen on the inside flap of the ear), and a yellowish cast to the 'whites' of the eyes. It can occur if a large number of red blood cells are destroyed, the liver is not functioning normally, or the bile ducts are blocked.")
Jejunum	The longest part of the small intestine extending from the duodenum to the ileum.
Jugular	Referring to the neck; specifically, the large jugular veins that return blood from the head and neck to the heart.
Juvenile Pyoderma	Also called juvenile cellulitis, puppy strangles or puppy head gland disease. A swelling of the whole head in puppies of 6-12 weeks of age, probably caused by a hypersensitivity reaction

K
Kennel Cough	An infectious cough
Keratitis	Inflammation of the cornea which may be caused by infection, trauma, or an allergic reaction.
Keratoconjunctivitis sicca	KCS is the technical term for a condition also known as 'dry eye.' It occurs because of inadequate tear production. Symptoms include a thick, yellowish discharge from the eye.
Keratolytic	Softens and loosens crusts and scales on the skin.
Ketoacidosis	A life-threatening condition in which ketones, which result from the breakdown of fat for energy, accumulate in the bloodstream and the pH of the blood decreases.
Killed vaccine	Vaccines which are made by taking the real, disease-causing viruses (or bacteria), killing them, and putting them into a liquid base. Compare with 'modified live vaccine' and 'recombinant vaccine

L
Laceration	An irregular shaped wound with jagged edges. Often with a loss of skin. Often caused as a result of road traffic accidents
Large intestine	The lower part of the intestinal tract, usually made up of the colon, cecum, and rectum. Bacteria that live harmlessly in the large intestine help to digest complex carbohydrates.
Larva	An immature stage in the development of an insect or worm
Larynx	The larynx is a muscular tube in the neck that allows air to pass from the throat to the trachea (windpipe). The larynx contains the vocal cords, which allow people and animals to make sounds. The larynx has cartilage that opens to allow air into the trachea.
Laryngitis	Inflammation of the larynx often associated with generalised disease
Latent	A dormant stage of disease; the patient is infected with an organism, but is not yet ill.
Lateral Torsion	Twisted or rotated out.
Lens Luxation	Dislocated lens in the eye
Leptospirosis	A disease of dogs caused by the bacteria leptospira canicola or leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae
Lesion	A pathological change to a tissue, eg. a wound
Leukemia	A cancerous proliferation of one of the subsets of White Blood Cells.
Leukopenia	A condition in which the numbers of white blood cells in the blood are lower than normal.
LH	Luteinizing Hormone - a gonadotrophin produced by the anterior pituitary which brings about ovulation.
Lick Granuloma	A chronic wound produced by continued licking
Lichenification	Thickening and hardening of the skin.
Lipase	Digestive enzyme, produced by the pancreas, which breaks down fat.
Lipoma	A benign tumour of fat cells
Liver	The largest organ in the abdomen, responsible for producing enzymes required for digestion of food, and bile that helps to digest fat. The liver also detoxifies the blood and may be damaged in the process.
Low Passage Vaccine	A low passage vaccine contains virus particles which have been attenuated, or weakened, less than those in the 'average' vaccine. Low passage vaccines can generally elicit an immune system response in young animals who have a maternal antibody level that would prevent them from responding to an 'average' vaccine.
Luxating Tarsus	Dislocation of the ‘ankle’
Lymph Nodes	Part of the immune system of an animal. Small masses of tissue that contain white blood cells called lymphocytes. Blood from the nearby area is filtered through the lymph node allowing foreign or infectious material to be recognized and destroyed if possible.
Lymphoma, Lymphosarcoma	Malignant tumor that arises from cells of the lymphoreticular system. Commonly presents with swollen lymph nodes, masses, enlarged liver or spleen, fevers, weight loss.
Lymphocytes	The class of cells in the body which are responsible for mounting an immune response. Two main types are B cells and T cells.
Lymphokines	Chemicals produced by T lymphocytes. Some lymphokines signal macrophages and other phagocytes to destroy foreign invaders.

M
Malignant	Severe, life threatening, capable of spreading. Applied to tumours
Malabsorption Syndrome	Maldigestion syndrome: A condition involving the intestine in which food may not be properly digested or the nutrients not absorbed.
Malaena	Passage of black faeces due to digested blood
Mammary Neoplasia	Tumours in the mammary glands. Such tumours often sopread secondarily to the lungs in bitches
Mandible	Lower jaw
Mange	A parasitic disease of dogs caused by various mange parasites
Mastitis	Inflammation of the mammary gland, usually due to bacterial infection.
Mastocytoma, Mast Cell Tumors	A growth of mast cells (cells in the dermis which is directly beneath the outer skin layer, which release histamine to counter allergens). These tumors may become malignant.
Maternal antibody	Antibody in a newborn animal which the newborn acquired through the placenta or colostrum (the first milk).
Megaesophagus	Overly enlarged esophagus causing build up of food and saliva and regurgitation. Associated with aspirative pneumonia from an early age.
Melena	Darkening of the stool due to the presence of digested blood, which indicates bleeding is occurring in the stomach and/or beginning of the small intestine. The feces generally look black and tarry.
Memory(Immunologic)	Memory: When an animal mounts an immune response against a foreign substance, some cells are created to 'remember' the antigens on that substance. If the animal is again exposed to the substance, these cells will help the body respond much faster and to a higher degree.
Meningitis	Not a disease, but a symptom, the inflammation of the outer membranes covering the brain and spinal cord, the meninges. This can be caused by bacteria, virus, fungi, or chemical toxins. Aseptic meningitis - is inflammation of the meninges for which no identifiable infectious agent can be cultured or tested for, and is probably genetic.
Metabolic Acidosis	A condition in which the pH of the blood is too acidic because of the production of certain types of acids.
Metabolise	To have molecules transformed within the body tissue through chemical processes
Metacarpus	The front limb between the carpus and the phalanges (toes).
Metatarsus	The part of the rear limb between the tarsus and the phalanges (toes).
Methemoglobin	An altered hemoglobin which does not carry oxygen.
Methemoglobinemia	A condition of the blood in which there are large amounts of methemoglobin which is an altered hemoglobin which does not carry oxygen
Mineralocorticoids	Hormones produced by the adrenal gland which regulate the amounts of sodium, potassium, and chloride in the blood.
Mitochondria	Parts of the cell which are responsible for providing the cell with energy.
Metastases	Tumours arising as a result of malignant cells spreading to other parts of the body
Metritis	Inflammation of the uterus
Mitral Valve Defect	A defect in the heart valve that separates the left atrium and the left ventricle.
Modified Live Vaccine	Vaccines which are made by taking the real, disease-causing virus and altering (attenuating) it in a laboratory to a non-disease causing virus.
Mucoid	Applied to a discharge meaning that it is like mucus
Monovalent vaccine	A vaccine that is manufactured to stimulate the body to produce protection against only one disease, e.g., rabies vaccine.
Mucus	Fluid produced by a mucous membrane, eg the lining of the vagina
Mucolytic	Breaks down mucous.
Mucosa	Specialized membrane which covers various passages and cavities exposed to the air such as the mouth, nose, inner portion of the eyelids, vagina. Examination of the mucous membranes can provide important information: if they are dry, the animal is likely dehydrated; pale, and the animal may be anemic or in shock; yellow, and the animal is said to jaundiced due to accumulation of waste products which should be eliminated by the liver. Mucous membranes.
Mucous membranes	Specialized membrane which covers various passages and cavities exposed to the air such as the mouth, nose, inner portion of the eyelids, vagina. Examination of the mucous membranes can provide important information: if they are dry, the animal is likely dehydrated; pale, and the animal may be anemic or in shock; yellow, and the animal is said to be jaundiced due to accumulation of waste products which should be eliminated by the liver.
Murmur	An abnormal heart sound associated with the opening or closing of a heart valve. This may indicate a structural or functional abnormality.
Multivalent Vaccine	A vaccine that combines two or more components to stimulate the body to produce protection against all the components. Most 'distemper' vaccines for puppies are of the multivalent type, and commonly include distemper, parvovirus, adenovirus cough, hepatitis, and parainfluenza. Compare with 'monovalent' vaccine.
Myocarditis	Inflammation of the heart muscle
Myositis	Inflammation of the skeletal muscle causing acute pain
Myasthenia Gravis	Myasthenia gravis is a neuromuscular disease in which there is a failure of the nerves' ability to stimulate and control the actions of certain muscles.
Mycosis	Disease caused by a fungus such as blastomycosis, histoplasmosis, and ringworm.
Myocardium	The middle layer of heart muscle.

N
Nebulize	Convert into a fine spray form.
Necropsy	A post-mortem. an examination of a body, postmortem (after death), to determine the cause of death or illness.
Necrosis	The death and breakdown of cells.
Nematodes	A common name for any roundworm of the phylum Nematoda.
Neo	Neo is a prefix signaling a "new" form or a revival of an old one.
Neonatal	Newborn
Neoplasia	Formation of a neoplasm or growth (tumour) - Abnormal growth and accumulation of cells. Neoplasias may be benign or malignant.
Nephropathy	Any disease or abnormal functioning of the kidney.
Nephrotoxic	Destructive to kidney cells.
Nephritis	Inflammation of the kidneys
Neuropathy	Abnormal functioning of nerves.
Neurotransmitter	Chemical used as a messenger from one nerve cell to another.
Neuter	Sterilization by surgical removal of the testicles of a male animal or ovaries of a female animal.
Nodule	Solid bump or lump in the skin that is over 1/3 inch in diameter
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory	NSAIDS: Agents which reduce inflammation, but are not in the class of drugs known as steroids. Examples include aspirin, Rimadyl, and phenylbutazone.
Noncore vaccine	Vaccine which should only be given to animals at increased risk of exposure to a disease, example, leptospirosis in dogs or feline leukemia in cats
Nonpathogenic	Not causing disease. Some bacteria, such as those that normally live in an animal's intestines, are nonpathogenic.
Nonseptic	A condition not caused by an infection. For example, septic arthritis is caused by an infection with bacteria, yeast, or other agent; a case of nonseptic arthritis may be caused by injury or cancer.
Nucleated Erythrocytes	Immature form of red blood cells
Nutraceutical	A very broad term describing certain components in food (plant or animal) or nutritional supplements, which contain substances normally present in the body that aid in the proper functioning of body systems.
Nystagmus	Constant involuntary movement of the eye, often from side to side.

O
Obsessive Compulsive	A behavioral condition in which a pet repeatedly performs an action out of context. It is thought that the behavior is an expression of stress, frustration and/or conflict. Certain breeds are more prone to these behaviors. The behaviors include tail-chasing, some cases of excessive barking, continual licking, and biting the air as if snapping at an invisible fly.
Oedema	Accumulation of fluid under the skin mostly associated withheart disease, kidney disease or local obstruction to blood supply possibly as a result of an insect bite or local infection
Ophthalmoscope	An instrument used for looking into the eyes
Optic Nerve Hypoplasia	Incomplete development of the optic nerve.
Oral	Pertaining to the mouth, given by mouth
Oral hypoglycemic	A medication, given by mouth, which lowers the level of glucose in the blood. Example: glipizide.
Orthopaedics	Treatment of bones and joints
Osmotic diuretic	- A compound that increases the amount of urine formed and rids the body of excess fluid by being filtered through the kidney into the urine in concentrated amounts and carrying water with it.
Osteochondritis Dessicans, OCD	Faulty bone growth causing lameness and thickening around the joints particularly the shoulder. A piece of cartilage tears away forming a flap. The flap may reattach to the bone on its own, or it may tear away, becoming a joint mouse in the joint cavity. Symptoms include pain and limping. Often requires surgery.
Osteomyelitis	Inflammation of the bone marrow, usually associated with bacterial infection
Osteosarcoma	A bone tumour
Otitis External	Inflammation of the external ear canal
Otitis Interna	Inflammation of the inner ear
Otitis Media	Inflammation of the middle ear usually as an extension of infection through the ear drum from otitis externa but possibly from infection via the eustachian tube
Otocariasis	Infestation of the ear canal with the ear mite Otedectes canis
Otodectic Mange	Inflammation of the ear canal caused by the ear mite Otedectes canis
Ototoxic	Destructive to the structures of the ear
Ovariohysterectomy	Surgical removal of the uterus
Ovulation	The release of an egg from the ovary
Ovum	An egg
Oxytocin	A hormone produced by the posterior pituitary gland which causes the uterus to contract during birth and which stimulates milk production in lactating mammals. Often given as an injection to stimulate uterine regression after birth

P
Pain,chronic	Persisting for a long time
Palpation	To examine with the hands or fingers.
Pancreatic Insufficiency	A deficiency of the digestive enzymes produced by the pancreas usually resulting in indegestion and passage of loose fatty white faeces
Pancreatitis	Inflammation of the pancreas accompanied by severe abdominal pain, vomiting and possibly sudden death due to a variety of causes such as infections and drugs. The pancreas produces enzymes and bicarbonate important in digestion and absorption of nutrients as well as insulin. Chronic, severe pancreatitis can result in malabsorption and diarrhea as well as diabetes mellitus.
Pancytopenia	A shortage of all types of blood cells, including red and white blood cells as well as platelets.
Panosteitis, Pano	Inflammation of the bone, particularly the long bones in growing dogs. Causes pain and limping.
Pannus	A chronic condition of the eye in which blood vessels grow across the cornea (the clear surface of the eye). The cornea looks hazy and sometimes reddened; it may eventually take on a dark pigment. This condition is also called chronic superficial keratitis.
Papule	Solid bump on the skin, less than 1/3 inch in diameter.
Papillomas	Warts
Parasiticide	Medication formulated to kill parasites.
Paresis	Slight or incomplete paralysis
Parasympathetic	The portion of the nervous system which stimulates the pancreas to produce digestive enzymes and stimulates many of the smooth muscles in the body including those of the stomach and intestine. It also tends to slow the heart rate.
Paralysis	Inability to move - Loss of motor function (movement) in a certain part of the body. Paralysis may be flaccid, in which muscles are weak and have little or no tone; or spastic, in which the muscles are tight.
Paraplegia	Paralysis of the rear end of the body
Paronychia	Inflammation of the nail beds
Passive Immunity	Immunity produced by providing an animal with antibodies or immunologic cells from another source, such as colostrum. Compare with 'active immunity.'
Parturition	Giving birth
Parvovirus Infection	A virus infection of dogs
Patellar Luxation	Dislocation of the ‘knee’ cap, causing mild to severe, continuous or intermittent pain.
Patent Ductus Arteriosus, PDA	The normal opening between the aorta and pulmonary artery, which allows blood to bypass the unoxygenated lung in utero, fails to close after birth.
Pathogenesis	The development of a disease process
Pemphigus Foliaceus	A generalized scaling disease, with hair loss, and sometimes with the formation of heavy crusts. Involvement of the nail bed leads to loss of the nail.
Pericardium	The membrane that encloses the heart
Periodontal Disease	Inflammation of the gums around the teeth
Perianal Fistula	A deep infection around the anus which often results in ulcers and deep draining tracts, most commonly seen in German Shepherds.
Perinatal	In the period around birth
Perineum	The area of the body around the anus and stretching to the vulva in bitches and the scrotum in dogs
Peritoneum	The membrane lining the wall of the abdominal cavity.
Peritonitis	Inflammation of the peritoneum, the lining inside the abdomen which also covers the outside of the abdominal organs
Phalanges	Toes.
Phagocyte	Cell in the body which 'eats' damaged cells and foreign substances such as virus and bacteria. A macrophage is a type of phagocyte.
Pharyngitis	Inflammation of the pharynx usually associated with generalised dsease
Pheromone	A chemical substance secreted externally by an individual, the odour of which causes a response in other members of the same species, e.g pheromones shed by bitches in season will stimulate others in close contact to also come on heat
Pneumonia	Inflammation of the lungs
Photophobia	Fear or intolerance of light
Photosensitivity	A condition in which the skin reacts abnormally to light, especially ultraviolet light or sunlight. It is usually caused by the interaction of light with certain chemicals in the skin such as antibiotics, other medications, hormones, or toxins.
Pica	Chronic eating of non-food materials.
Pituitary Gland	A hormone secreting (endocrine) gland at the base of the brain; it regulates growth as well as regulating the proper functioning of many other glands and processes.
Platelets	Cellular components found in the blood which help clots to form. In the body, microscopically small vessels often break in the normal course of events. Platelets and a protein called fibrinogen 'plug' the break in the vessel and prevent blood from leaking out.
Placenta	See afterbirth
Plasia	Growth
Plantigrade Stance	Standing and walking with the hocks on or almost touching the floor.
Poly-	A prefix meaning many or increased
Polyarthritis	Arthritis which involves two or more joints.
Polydipsia	Increased thirst - Excessive thirst resulting in excessive drinking
Polyphagia	Excessive ingestion of food.
Polyuria	Increased frequency of urination
Polyp	A small growth from mucous membranes such as those lining the nasal cavity and intestinal tract.
Posterior	Positioned in back of another body part, or towards the rear half of the animal. Opposite of anterior.
Postoperative	After surgery.
Prepuce	The sheath of skin which covers the penis.
Portosystemic Shunt	Abnormal blood vessels in the liver preventing normal circulation and functioning of the liver.
Prognosis	The expected outcome of a disease, condition or operation
Progressive Retinal Atrophy, PRA	Any of a number of inherited diseases of the eye leading to blindness. Generally starts with difficulty seeing in the dark followed by a loss of vision in the daylight.
Prolactin	Hormone secreted by the pituitary gland that stimulates the growth of mammary tissue and the production of milk.
Prolapse	Protrusion, to the outside, of an abdominal organ, eg. vagina or bladder
Prolapsed Rectum	Because of irritation or injury, the inner part of the rectum is pushed out so that it is visible as a pink mass protruding from the anal opening.
Prophylaxis	Prevention of a disease
Prostaglandin	Several types of chemicals made by cells which have specific functions such as controlling body temperature, stimlating smooth muscle, and influencing heat cycles.
Prostatitis	Inflammation of the prostate gland.
Prostatic Hypertrophy	Enlarged prostate gland
Prosthesis	An artificial part, eg. hip joint
Protease	Enzyme which breaks down protein.
Pruritus	Itchy skin. There are many causes
Ptosis	Inability to raise lower eyelid
Puerperal	Pertaining to the perio immediately after giving birth
Pulmonary	Relating to the lungs
Pulmonary Arteries	The large vessels leading from the heart to the lungs.
Pulmonary Edema	Fluid accumulation in the lungs.
Pulmonary Emboli	Pulmonary embolism: Blood clot that travels to the blood vessels in the lung and obstructs them.
Purulent	Containing pus
Pus	A secretion from inflammed tissue, usually sticky and creamy, which contains white blood cells, serum and bacteria
Pustule	Small elevated area on the skin filled with pus
Pyloroduodenal	An obstruction in the area where the stomach and small intestine meet.
Pyloric Stenosis	Contraction of the pyloric valve in the stomach
Pyoderma	Any purulent (containing or forming pus) skin disease (An infection of the skin; usually the result of a bacterial invasion)
Pyometra	Pus accumulation in the uterus, 4-6 weeks after a bitch has been in season leading to increased thirst normally caused by bacterial infection. Seek veterinary assistance immediately
Pyrexia	Raised body temperature, fever

Rabies

A fatal virus disease of dogs and all warm bloodied animals

Radiology

X-ray.

Rectal Stricture

A narrowing of the sphincter (muscle ring) that closes the anus

Recombinant vaccine

There are certain antigens on viruses and bacteria which are better at stimulating an antibody response by the animal than others. The genes for these antigens can be isolated, and made to produce large quantities of the antigens they code for. A recombinant vaccine contains these antigens, not the whole organism.

Recumbency

Lying down.

Renal

Pertaining to the kidney, eg. renal failure

Recessive

Requires a copy of the gene from both parents to exhibit the trait. Having only one copy of the gene makes the dog a carrier of the trait, and he will never exhibit the trait – unless the gene is located on the ‘X’ or sex chromosome. sarcoma – tumor formed of connective tissue cells: bone cartilage, muscle, blood vessel, or lymphoid tissue.

Regurgitation

Expelling food from the esophagus.

Registry

A database of health information
Open Registry	Repository of health test results, allows full access to the information.
Closed Registry	Repository of health test results, but allows access of information only about normal results.
OFA - Orthopedic Foundation for Animals	Closed registry of hip, elbow, heart, thyroid, and other results.
PennHIP - Penn Hip Improvement Programme	Closed registry of hip laxity measurements. Uses a DI (distraction index), a number from 0.0 - 1.00 with the lower the number the better the hip.
CERF - Canine Eye Registry Foundation	Closed registry of eye test results.

Renal

Pertaining to the kidneys.

Renal Insufficiency

The decreased ability of the kidneys to rid the body of wastes.

Resorption

In pregnancy, a condition in which the fetus dies, and instead of being aborted, the fetal tissue dissolves within the uterus and is absorbed by the mother. The mother will show no outward signs of a fetal resorption.

Respiratory

Relating to breathing or the lungs.

Respiratory Depression

Decrease in the rate or depth of respiration.

Retina

The rear interior surface of the eyeball is called the retina. The retina contains nerve cells referred to as rods and cones. The rods are sensitive to light and the cones to colour. The retina receives the light and colour and converts them into nerve impulses which go to the brain.

Rhinitis

Inflammation of the nasal cavities

Ringworm

A fungal infection of the skin

Salivary Cysts

A cyst in the salivary gland caused by an obdtruction of the salivary gland

Salmonellosis

An infection with salmonella bacteria causing principally an enteritis

Sarcoptic Mange

Skin disease caused by the mange mite sarcoptes scabei characterized by extreme itching, hair loss, and secondary infection. Usually widespread, but often seen on the belly and inner thighs. Can be treated, but spreads easily.

Sclerosis

A hardening of tissue, usually the result of chronic inflammation.

Sebaceous Adenitis

Inflammation of the sebaceous (oil producing)glands. In dogs, sebaceous glands are found on the top of the tail near its base, and at the junction of mucous membranes with skin. In cats, these glands are found on the chin, lip margins, and the top of the tail.

Seborrhea

Abnormal secretion of the sebaceous glands at the base of hair follicles causing anything from dandruff to greasy scales and crust. The cause is unknown

Secondary Infection

Infection which occurs because the tissue and its natural defenses have been damaged by another condition.

Secondary Response

The faster and greater immune response produced by an animal who has previously encountered that specific antigen. Memory cells are responsible for this more efficient response. Also called 'anamnestic response.'

Seizure Threshold

The level of stimulation at which a seizure is produced. Raising the seizure threshold makes it less likely a seizure will occur.

Separation anxiety

A behavioral condition in which the pet becomes anxious when separated from the owner. Dogs with separation anxiety tend to 'shadow' their owners, greet them exuberantly when they return after being gone, and sometimes vocalize, chew destructively, and urinate or defecate when separated from their owners.

Sepsis

Bacterial infection usually causing pus to be formed

Septic

A condition caused by an infection e.g., with bacteria or fungi, or toxins they produce.

Septicaemia

Blood poisoning by bacteria and their toxins. Signs include fever, pinpoint bruises on mucous membranes, and lesions in the joints, heart valves, eyes, or other organs.

Serology

The examination of blood for the presence of antibodies to disease

Seroma

A seroma is a pocket or accumulation of serum (the clear fluid left over when blood clots) in the tissues under the skin. This is like a blood blister, and they are usually seen at the site of trauma. Seromas may occur at a surgical site. The body will usually absorb the fluid, but the fluid is sometimes drained aseptically with a needle and syringe if needed. A course of antibiotics is usually given. Unfortunately, it often fills again, which indicates that the skin has not yet adhered to the underlying tissue. It is something that will eventually resolve on its own, though it may take several weeks to months for the body to absorb the serum such that the lump disappears.

Serous

Thin and watery.

Serum

The fluid portion of the blood after it has clotted and the cells have been removed.

Sertoli Cell Tumour

A tumour affecting the sertoli cells in the testicle leading to swelling of the testicle, the production of oestrogens and feminisation. Occurs in middle-aged and older dogs

Shedding

Shedding (of organisms): A term used to describe the release of organisms (bacteria, protozoa, viruses) into the environment from an infected animal. The organisms may be in the stool, urine, respiratory secretions, or vaginal discharges. The 'shedding' animal may or may not be showing symptoms of disease.

Skin Cytology

Examination, with a microscope, of a skin scraping or material from swabbing the skin. The material may be stained and checked for the presence of yeast, bacteria, tumor cells, etc.

Skin Scraping

Scraping some material from the surface of the skin and looking at it under a microscope, e.g., to check for skin mites.

Somogyi Effect

A condition in which the blood glucose level increases if too much insulin is given. It occurs when insulin causes the blood glucose level to go so low it stimulates the production of other hormones in the body such as epinephrine, which promote the breakdown of glycogen (the chemical compound which the body uses to store glucose) and increases the blood glucose level above normal. It is also called rebound hyperglycemia or insulin-induced hyperglycemia

Shock

Collapse of the circulation resulting from haemorrhage, trauma, burns, anaphylaxis, accumulation of toxins in the blood, cardiac failure, etc

Smooth Muscle

The type of muscle found in the internal organs such as stomach and intestines (not the heart).

Spay

Sterilization by surgical removal of the ovaries and uterus of a female animal.

Sphincter

A ring-like band of muscle that constricts a passage or closes an opening, e.g., the anal sphincter constricts to close the anus and relaxes when the animal is passing stool. The urethral sphincter closes the urinary bladder.

Spleen

Part of the immune system of an animal. A large, tongue-shaped organ in the abdomen containing many lymphocytes. The spleen filters blood and removes damaged cells. It can also manufacture new blood cells if the animal's bone marrow is damaged.

Spondylitis

Inflammation of the vertebrae and spinal joints leading to rigidity of the back

Sporadic

Occuring occasionally

Sprain

An overstretched or torn ligament

Staphylococcus, Staph

A type of bacteria commonly found on the skin and upper respiratory tract, but can occasionally cause localized suppurating infection.

Stasis

In the gastrointestinal tract, a condition in which the food does not move through normally, but remains in one section, e.g., food does not pass from the stomach into the intestine.

Status Epilepticus

A condition in which the animal exhibits one severe (Grand Mal) seizure right after another, with no time to recover in-between.

Stenosis

A narrowing or contraction of an opening or canal. eg. the intestines
Aortic Stenosis	Obstruction of the blood flowing from the left ventricle to the aorta.
Mitral Stenosis	Narrowing of the mitral valve that separates the left atrium and the left ventricle
Pulmonary Artery Stenosis	Narrowing of the outflow from the lungs.
Subaortic Stenosis	Narrowing of the aorta just below the semilunar valves. Severity increases with age.

Strain

An overstretched or torn muscle

Streptococci

A commonly occuring bacteria which affects dogs, particularly following a virus infection. Often a cause of tonsillitis

Stricture

The narrowing of an organ of passage such as a blood vessel or intestine.

Struvite

A chemical compound, magnesium ammonium phosphate, which is made by the body and can form crystals and stones in the urinary bladder.

Stones

A mass, usually formed from mineral salts, occurring within the hollow organs: kidney, gallbladder, urinary bladder.

Subacute

Between acute and chronic

Subclinical

Applied to a disease in which the signs are not obvious by clinical examination

Subcutaneous

Under the skin. Subcutaneous injections are used very commonly where a rapid effect is not required since this route of administration tends to be less painful. Often called 'sub Q.'

Subluxation

A partial dislocation of a joint in which the bones become out of alignment, but the joint itself is still intact.

Sulphonamides

Chemical compounds which are used to kill or supress the growth of bacteria in the body

Superficial

On the surface. Often applied to a wound

Suppurative

Producing pus. Applied to a wound

Syndrome

A set of signs which occur together indicationg a particular condition or disease

Synergistic

Acting together to increase the effect. eg. penicillin plus streptomycin

Synovial

Pertaining to a joint made up of bone ends covered with cartilage, ligaments, a cavity filled with synovial fluid (joint fluid) and an outside fibrous capsule, e.g., hip joint, elbow joint.

Systemic

Throughout the body.

Systemic Lupus Erythematosis, SLE

An autoimmune disease in which the immune system sees its own body as foreign matter. Characterized by polyarthritis, hemolytic anemia, skin disease, among many other symptoms.

Tachycardia

Increased heart rate. The opposite is bradycardia

Tachypnoea

Increased rate of breathing

Tarsus

The ankle (rear leg) of dogs and cats; also called the hock.

Temporomandibular Joint

The joint between the lower jaw and the skull.

Tenesmus

Painful and ineffective straining - to pass faeces or urine

Teratogenic

Capable of producing abnormalities in puppies in the womb, applied to a medicine, eg. thalidomide

Thrombus

A blood clot occurring in a blood vessel or the heart

Thrombocytopenia

A lower than normal number of platelets in the blood. Platelets, which are actually fragments of specific types of cells, are necessary for blood to clot. Signs of thrombocytopenia include bruising and bleeding from the nose, into the gastrointestinal tract, etc.

Thyroid

The largest of the hormone secreting (endocrine) glands located in the neck; it regulates metabolism.
Hyperthyroid	Excessive production of thyroid hormones, often seen in older dogs, causing excessive thirst, weight loss, increased appetite and restlessness.
Hypothyroid	Decreased production of thyroxine, causing poor coat, weight gain, mental dullness, fatigue, cold intolerance, and infertility.

Tie

The time during which the dog's penis is held in the vagina after ejaculation

Titer

Tissue

A aggregation of similar cells in the body eg. a muscle

Topical

To be used on the skin

Torsion

The twisting of an organ.

Toxaemia

The spread of bacterial products (toxins) in the blood from a source of infection

Toxoplasmosis

Infection with the parasite Toxoplasma gondii causing general illness, loss of weight, raised temperature, coughing, peritonitis, nervous signs and possibly abortion and death in very young puppies

Tracheobronchitis

Inflammation of the trachea and bronchi.

Trauma

Injury, wounding, shock

Transient

Temporary.

Transplacental

Transfer across the placenta from mother to offspring, eg. the passage of infection or antibodies

Tricuspid Valve Defect

A defect in the heart valve that separates the right atrium and the right ventricle.

Tubule

Microscopic ducts. The tubules in the kidneys help to concentrate the urine.

Tumour

A growth or swelling, neoplasm; term often used to designate cancer.

Type I diabetes

A form of diabetes in which so little insulin is produced that supplemental insulin must be given for the animal to live. Also called insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM).

Type II diabetes

A type of diabetes mellitus in which although the blood glucose levels are higher than normal, they are not immediately life-threatening, and the animal can survive without supplemental insulin. Also called non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM).

U
Urticaria	Sudden appearance of itchy raised wheals on the skin caused by contact allergy, bee stings, bites or hypersensitivity to ingested allergens or drugs and possibly exposure to sunlight. Prompt administration of an anti-histamine under veterinary guidance may be required
Ulcer	A break in the surface of an organ, eg. corneal ulcer (A lesion in which the tissue surface is eroded away.)
Ultrasound	Ultrasound/ultrasonography: A technique used to get the image of a deep structure within the body by directing ultrasound waves at it and recording the reflections (echoes) from it.
Umbilical Cord	The stalk of blood vessel and other tissues which join the developing foetus to the placenta
Umbilicus	The point on the abdominal wall where the umbilical cord emerged
Ununited Anconeal Process, UAP	The anconeal process never unites with the ulna, can detach and form a loose body in the joint, called a joint mouse.
Urate	A chemical compound which contains uric acid and is made by the body, and can form crystals and stones in the urinary bladder. Uric acid is a waste product from the breakdown of certain proteins.
Urea	Wasteproduct of protein metabolism that is removed from the body by the kidneys.
Urease	An enzyme that breaks down urea. Urea is a wasteproduct of protein metabolism that is removed from the body by the kidneys.
Urinary Incontinence	A phrase used to describe the inability to control urination.
Urinary Obstruction	A blockage in the urinary system, most often occurring in the urethra, the tube that leads from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body.
Urinary Retention	A condition in which the urinary bladder does not rid itself of all urine it contains during the process of urination.
Uterus	The womb
Uterine Inertia	Lack of uterine contractions during whelping, may be due to hormonal imbalance, physical exhaustion or psychological stress.
Uveitis	Inflammation of the eye.

V
Vaccination	The act of giving a vaccine. See also 'immunization,' since the two words have different meanings and are often confused.
Vaccine Failure	A term often used to describe a condition in which an animal who was vaccinated against a disease still gets the disease. In truth, there is usually nothing wrong with the vaccine, but for some reason, the animal's immune system did not adequately react to it.
Vaginal Hyperplasia	Temporary swelling and protruberance of the vaginal mucous membrane during pro-oestrus and oestrus
Vaginitis	Inflammation of the vagina generally caused by a bacterial infection
Vasculitis	Inflammation of blood vessels.
Vasoconstriction	A decrease in the diameter of blood vessels.
Vasodilator	Agent which dilates, or increases the diameter of blood vessels.
Vena Cava	Either of two large veins carrying blood to the right atrium of the heart. The cranial vena cava brings blood from the head region, front legs, and upper chest to the heart; the caudal (or posterior) vena cava carries blood from the areas of the abdomen and hind legs to the heart.
Vent	The outside opening of the cloaca, which is a common passageway for feces, urine, and reproduction.
Ventricle	The chambers of the heart that pump the blood to the body or lungs.
Ventricular Arrhythmia	A heart condition in which the heart beats irregularly and/or at an abnormal rate because of signals coming from the ventricles (chambers of the heart that pump the blood).
Vesicle	Small elevated area on the skin filled with a clear fluid.
Vestibular system	Portions of the inner ear, nerves, and brain which help the body maintain balance.
Villi	Microscopic projections which cover the intestine, greatly increasing the surface area and therefore, increasing the ability to absorb nutrients. Singular: Villus.
Villus	A small finger-like projection coming from the wall of the intestine
Virus	A sub-microscopic agent which infects animals, plants and even bacteria
Viscus	Any large internal organ (plural - viscera)
Viscerocutaneous	Pertaining to the internal organs and skin.
Viscosity	Thickness of a fluid, e.g., molasses is more viscous than water.
Vital signs	The signs of life which are pulse, respiration, and temperature.
von Willebrand’s disease	A deficiency of coagulation factor VIII causing prolonged bleeding time.
Volvulus	Twisting of the stomach or intestine, which often has the effect of cutting off the blood supply to it.
Vomeronasal organ	Sensory organ also called 'Jacobson's organ,' which detects pheromones.

W
Wart	Benign growth caused by a virus.
Wasting	Loss of muscle mass due to decreased food intake or increased metabolic rate.
Whelp	A young puppy. To whelp - the process of a bitch giving birth to puppies. Whelping - In dogs, the act of giving birth.
White Blood Cells	Cells in the blood whose major role is to defend the body against invading organisms such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi. There are different types of leukocytes: lymphocytes are part of the immune system; monocytes, eosinophils, and neutrophils eat or engulf organisms; basophils contain histamine and are involved in inflammatory reactions.
Woods Lamp	A lamp that emits ultra violet light. Used to diagnose some forms of ringworm

X
Radiograph (X-ray)	Also known as an x-ray, because it is a film taken using X-rays. One of the non-invasive diagnostics tools. Size, shape, and position of organs such as heart, liver, kidneys, stomach, spleen, bones, etc. can be evaluated. Presence of gas, fluids, and solid masses (tumors, foreign objects) inside your pet's body can be detected.
Xeroradiography	A costly type of x-ray procedure using specially sensitized screens that give higher resolution on the edges of bone and better visualization of soft tissue structures

Z
Zoonosis	A disease that can be transmitted from animal to man

Source: Doglopaedia A complete guide to dog care JM Evans and Kay White
Saunders Comprehensive Veterinary Dictionary, 2nd Edition, D. C. Blood OBE & V. P. Studdert BS DVM, 1999, WB Saunders.
Book of the Bitch JM Evans & Kay White