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CANINE EPILEPSY
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Epilepsy is a disorder of the brain that causes disorganised electrical
activity and fits. A small percentage of dogs are affected without any
identifiable cause. There is no cure but although it can be difficult
to treat there are various treatments available which can help reduce the
severity and frequency of the attacks. Signs that a dog may be about
to have a seizure include him getting anxious, being unusually quiet, getting
restless or acting in a strange manner.
Canine Epilepsy seizures can range from Mild to Grand Mal and can be
life threatening. If a dog is diagnosed by a veterinarian as being
epileptic, there are various treatments in use, such as:
Phenobarbital
Potassium Bromide
Primidone
Valium
Dilantin
Gabapentin
Diet can play an important role in controlling epilepsy as some preservatives
can cause seizures. Dogs should also be kept away from as many chemical
pollutants as possible. If you suspect that your dog has had a seizure
contact your vetenarian.
Canine Idiopathic Epilepsy
First published in Australian Shepherd Journal, vol 13
issue 4, July/August, 2003
by Margaret Muns, DVM
INTRODUCTION
Seizures are the most common neurologic
symptom seen by small animal veterinarians. They can be caused
either by problems inside the brain, or outside. Discussing
all the types of seizures and their causes is way beyond the
scope of this article. Instead, the paper will cover the most
common cause of canine seizures, namely canine idiopathic epilepsy.
Although idiopathic epilepsy can affect many breeds, (including
mongrels) there is strong evidence for genetic involvement. Therefore,
affected animals should not be bred.
TERMINOLOGY
In order to fully understand idiopathic
epilepsy and what it entails, owners first need to be aware
of some basic terminology. To begin with, the terms "seizure",
"convulsion" and "fit" are interchangeable. They all can be
used simultaneously to describe a sudden, temporary rhythm disturbance
affecting the cells in a dog's brain. Clinically, the appearance
of the seizure depends on the area the brain affected and the
severity of the disturbance.
The term "epilepsy" is used by most
researchers to describe seizures of any cause. Epilepsy can
be further characterized as being either primary or secondary.
Primary epilepsy (also called idiopathic, genetic, true or inherited
epilepsy) is probably caused by biochemical defect in the brain
cells or their environment. Typically, there's absence of any structural
damage on microscopic exam of the brain. An affected dog will have
normal physical, neurologic and laboratory examinations during the
time intervals between seizures. As will be discussed later, there's
also substantial evidence for a genetic influence on the development
of primary epilepsy in dogs. By contrast, secondary epilepsy (also
called acquired or symptomatic epilepsy) occurs secondary to some
kind of brain damage. The damage can be a consequence of prior
trauma, circulatory disorders, infections, congenital defects, or
metabolic diseases. Dogs affected with secondary epilepsy are much
more likely to have abnormalities on physical examination and diagnostic
testing.
Being able to understand and recognize
the types of seizures that can occur is also very important.
Generalized seizures are the most frequently recognized type
of seizure in canine patients. They are also the type of seizure
seen most frequently in dogs affected with idiopathic epilepsy.
The initial trigger area (or seizure focus) may only be a small
number of unstable brain cells. However, when they discharge abnormally,
they make the surrounding cells discharge erratically. As a result,
the seizure spreads throughout the brain and becomes generalized.
The net result is symmetrical involvement of the dog' s entire body.
This type of seizure is most commonly called a tonic-clonic or
grand mal seizure. During a generalized seizure, the dog usually
falls over and loses consciousness. Shortly afterwards, there is
involuntary extension of the limbs (tonic phase), followed by paddling
(clonic phase). The animal may grind its teeth, salivate, urinate
and defecate during the seizure. The pupils of the pet's eyes are
also usually dilated. Some dogs only have milder generalize seizures.
These tend to be less dramatic with the animal remaining conscious
during the events. However, during the seizure, the dog may act anxious,
stumble, or fall over. But there are usually no jerking motions of
the limbs, head or trunk. In the past, owners have called these types
of mild generalize seizures "petite mal seizures". However, this is
not a correct use of the term based on the definitions used in human medicine.
Partial seizures occur when only
one portion of the brain is discharging abnormally. The
clinical symptoms observed depend on what areas of the brain
are involved in the seizure activity. Partial seizures are
most commonly the result of local or multifocal damage to the
brain. Such damage can occur after trauma, infection, circulatory
disorders, or cancer. If the focus of the seizure happens to
be in an area the brain responsible for controlling behavior, bizarre
behaviors may be only symptoms seen. In such cases, there will be
no abnormal body motions. The proper term to describe these types
of events is psychomotor epilepsy .
CAUSES OF IDIOPATHIC EPILEPSY
Most experts agree that the seizures
associated canine idiopathic epilepsy are primarily caused
by a functional disturbance of the cells of the brain. However,
the factors responsible for initiating the disturbance are not
well understood. Understanding is hampered by the brain's susceptibility
to a wide variety of structural and metabolic insults. Researchers
are able to investigate the pathologic consequences following
injury in disease because these types of injuries can be created
and then studied in the lab. Unfortunately, this can't be done
for idiopathic epilepsy because there aren't any detectable structural
or biochemical changes in the brains of affected dogs. Consequently,
is impossible to create research models. Without such models, the
ability to fully understand the nature of a disease is greatly
hindered.
Fortunately, one concept that is
well understood is that of the seizure threshold. In order
for the nervous system to work properly, there must be coordinated
transmission of impulses from one cell to the next. Most of the
cells in the canine brain are excitatory neurons. Basically, one
neuron receives impulses from its neighbor before transmitting them
to the next one in the "circuit�. The remainder of the neurons in the
brain are inhibitory neurons. These brain cells help to control and
contain the impulse so that spread of erratic impulses throughout the
brain does not occur. This is a very fine line of control. Seizures can
be triggered if something happens to tip to scale in the wrong direction.
The point at which this occurs is the seizure threshold.
Every animal has its own individual
seizure threshold. Seizures can be induced in any individual
dog given the right set of circumstances. However, things that can
induce seizures in one animal won't do it in another. Animals with
lower seizure thresholds may have brain cells that are inherently
more hyper excitable than other animals. In the case of canine idiopathic
epilepsy, genetic influences are presumed to influence a particular
animal's seizure threshold . Affected animals may have a more diffuse
or multifocal state of neuron excitability. This may be due to the
result of early congenital events that become magnified over time.
DIAGNOSIS
The first step in evaluating any
dog presented for seizures is to carefully review the history
and physical exam. This is critical because of the high
number of seizure dogs with normal laboratory findings. In many
cases, a veterinarian can rule out several possibilities just by
knowing the age of the dog at the time the seizures began. Dogs
with idiopathic epilepsy will usually have their first seizure
between 1-5 years of age. Any dogs with seizures beginning at either
younger than one year, or older than five years will typically have
some kind of underlying disease process going on.
A complete and thorough diagnostic
evaluation is always indicated no matter how old the dog
is when the seizures began. Obtaining a definitive diagnosis
of canine idiopathic epilepsy is impossible for the most part.
Usually, a veterinarian arrives at this conclusion through a process
of elimination. In other words, all other possible underlying causes
for the seizures are first eliminated before settling on the diagnosis
of idiopathic epilepsy. Table 1 outlines the circumstances under
which a diagnosis of canine idiopathic epilepsy is appropriate.
If at any time a dog with presumptive idiopathic epilepsy develops
other symptoms, or becomes unresponsive to therapy, the diagnosis
must be re-evaluated .
TABLE 1: Criteria used to
Establish a Diagnosis of Canine Idiopathic Epilepsy (3)
Generalized seizures
Onset of seizures between 1-5 years
of age
Normal physical, neurologic exams
Normal laboratory data
TREATMENT
For treatment of canine idiopathic
epilepsy to be successful, owners must be properly educated.
This is because success of therapy depends more on the dog's
owner than any other factor. Seizures can be frightening. Therefore,
owners are naturally anxious about their pet's condition. The best
way to defuse this anxiety is by making sure the owners have the
facts they need to deal with the disease. They must understand that
the main objective of treatment for canine idiopathic epilepsy is
to achieve control and not a cure. Dogs with idiopathic epilepsy
are controlled when there is a reduction of seizure frequency and intensity
with a minimum of side effects. Consequently, animals receiving treatment
will still continue to seizure no matter what drugs or doses are
used. The seizures just won't be as frequent, or as severe as they
were before treatment began. Most clinicians initially aim for a 50
percent increase in the interval between seizures or one isolated seizure
every 6-8 weeks. Once this is achieved, attempts can be made to obtain
longer intervals. Approaching treatment this way allows for the setting
of mini-goals. As these goals are reached and exceeded, the owner
can then get a sense that progress is being made.
In addition to understanding the
meaning of control, owners must also be aware of several
other facts about seizure treatment. Before beginning therapy,
the owner must clearly comprehend the advantage and disadvantages
of treatment. Seizure therapy is not benign therapy. It involves
using drugs that can cause significant side effects. Owners must
know what medications are being prescribed, what doses are being
used, and what side effects to expect. They must be willing to
keep a diary or seizure log to document when the seizures occur,
how long they are, what medication is being used, and any other relevant
comments. This is so the veterinarian can have an idea what's happening
at home. Owners must be given guidelines so that they know what to
do in the event of a seizure. They must also understand which types
of seizures are dangerous, so that timely emergency treatment can
be sought. But above all, owners must know that there are no shortcuts
allowed when treating dogs for idiopathic epilepsy. The medications
must be given consistently, or not all. Any sudden drop-off in medication
can trigger life-threatening seizures in affected patients. Therefore,
any changes in drug type or dosing must only be done under the supervision
of the pet's veterinarian.
DRUG THERAPY
Antiepileptic drug therapy is usually
begun when the interval between isolated seizures is less
than 6-8 weeks. Idiopathic epilepsy in dogs is a paroxysmal
disease. This means that symptoms occur sporadically and are
very difficult to predict. Consequently, spontaneous variations
in seizure frequencies can be expected to occur in each patient.
If a dog is started on treatment after the first seizure, it
will be impossible to evaluate the overall seizure pattern. Therefore,
monitoring the response to treatment will be very difficult. The
exception to this rule is those animals that present with status
epilepticus as their first seizure episode. Status epilepticus
is defined as a state of constant seizure activity with no interruption.
This is a dangerous condition and a medical emergency. Another exception
to the general guidelines for treating seizures is those animals that
present with multiple clusters of seizures occurring over a 24-72
hour period. These animals also need prompt treatment to prevent the
development of status epilepticus.
Phenobarbital is the initial
drug of choice for managing idiopathic epilepsy in dogs Veterinarians
do not have a lot of choices when selecting anticonvulsant
medications. Many of the human anticonvulsant drugs available
can't be used for long-term control in dogs because of their
short duration of effect. As a result, these drugs cannot produce
good serum concentrations. Many of the human drugs currently available
also can be toxic when used to treat dogs.
Low doses of phenobarbital are usually
used when therapy is begun. Afterwards, the dose is slowly
increased until either desired control is obtained, or unacceptable
side effects occur. Common side effects of phenobarbital therapy
include sedation, increased thirst, increased urination, and increased
appetite. Although the symptoms can be worrisome, most dogs will
develop tolerance in 1-2 weeks. Another important side effect of
phenobarbital therapy is liver toxicity. Most dogs receiving long-term
phenobarbital therapy will have moderate increases in their liver
enzymes. However these increases usually occur without serious
damage to deliver function.
Frequent monitoring of blood phenobarbital
levels is very important during initial treatment of idiopathic
epilepsy. To some extent, the final therapeutic dose for
any given dog has to be determined by trial and error. Every
dog has a different metabolic rate. So there is a lot of variability
in the serum concentration of phenobarbital that can be achieved
by any given dose in any given dog. As a result, dogs need to be
monitored frequently during initial treatment so that the dose can
be adjusted as needed to get good serum phenobarbital concentrations.
Once the dog is controlled, serum phenobarbital levels are typically
monitored every six-twelve months. Some authors recently have advocated
monitoring only when clinically indicated. Their argument is that the
numbers currently used to define the therapeutic range are not accurate
enough since they are extrapolated from human data. As a result,
a low serum phenobarbital level might be enough to control some dogs,
while others need much higher levels. Owners need to be aware of this
so that a veterinarian unfamiliar with the case doesn't raise or lower
the dose indiscriminately based on the numbers on a page. Instead, changes
in dosing should be based on the whole clinical picture. If a dog is
showing good control on blood phenobarbital levels that are below the
ideal therapeutic range, the dose should not be increased just to
get the values within the excepted range.
REFRACTORY EPILEPSY
Approximately 60-80 percent of dogs
with idiopathic epilepsy can be controlled with minimal side
effects using phenobarbital alone. Refractory epilepsy occurs
when a dog continues to have seizures at an unacceptable rate
and severity despite good serum phenobarbital levels. However,
before diagnosing refractory epilepsy, factors that can complicate
phenobarbital treatment must be investigated and eliminated. The
veterinarian must be sure that the owner has been properly educated.
He/she should make sure that an effective dose drug is being used
at an adequate dose. The possibility of liver dysfunction must
also be considered. In rare occasions, an animal may develop severe
or even fatal liver toxicity secondary phenobarbital treatment. Once
a diagnosis of refractory epilepsy is made, then combination therapy
can be instituted. Combination therapy will enable another 10-15 percent
of canine epileptics to achieve control without significant side effects.
Currently, the drug of choice to use in combination chemotherapy for
canine idiopathic epilepsy is potassium bromide.
Bromide belongs to a group
of chemicals called the elemental halides. It has significant
sedative and anticonvulsant effects. Bromide was first used
as a human anticonvulsant during the mid 1800s. In fact, it
was the drug of choice for human epilepsy for more than half a century.
However, because of the chemical's low safety index, its popularity
decreased in the early part of this century when phenobarbital
was introduced. Even so, bromide was still used as a sedative
in both prescription and over-the-counter sleep aids and headache
remedies until as recently as the 1960s. Today, bromide use in human
medicine is limited mostly to treatment of children with resistant
epilepsy. Is especially useful for kids with early onset of
seizures, or underlying organic brain disease. Since it is not longer
widely available, veterinarians can only get bromide from custom
veterinary compounding pharmacies, or from chemical supply houses.
Recent clinical studies have shown
that combination therapy with potassium bromide and phenobarbital
can help many dogs that are resistant to phenobarbital alone.
More than half of the dogs with refractory epilepsy will have a
reduction in the frequency and severity of seizures after potassium
bromide is added. Adding potassium bromide is also useful for those
dogs experiencing unacceptable side effects with phenobarbital therapy.
In such cases, adding potassium bromide can lead allow the veterinarian
to lower the phenobarbital dose without sacrificing control. Lastly,
potassium bromide can be used successfully as a single agent in dogs
with pre-existing liver disease. Some doctors have even gone as far
as to routinely use potassium bromide as a first choice drug. However,
studies have not been done to confirm that bromide can work well alone
as a first choice therapy.
Use of potassium bromide to treat
canine idiopathic epilepsy is not risk free. Adverse effects
associated with potassium bromide administration include
increased urination, increased thirst, increased appetite, sedation,
balance disorders and hind limb weakness. These side effects
are enhanced by concurrent phenobarbital administration.
They usually resolve if the phenobarbital dose is reduced by 10-30
percent. If the adverse reactions don't resolve, or become
more severe, serum bromide concentrations need to be checked.
Bromide concentrations should also be routinely monitored 6-8 weeks
after initiating therapy to determine if any initial dose changes
need to be made.
OUTCOMES
Canine idiopathic epilepsy is a chronic
disease. Subsequently, long term, or even life long therapy
is needed to control the seizures. Although rare, remissions
are possible. Remission is defined as a period of 1-2 years without
a seizure. Unfortunately, it is impossible to predict which
dogs will go into remission and which won't. Animals may be candidates
for drug withdrawal once they have gone at least 8 months- 1
years without a seizure. These animals may be slowly removed off
of therapy over a period of another 6 months to 1 year. If drugs
are withdrawn sooner, the dog may relapse with breakthrough seizures
or status epilepticus. Dogs most likely to relapse will either do so
during withdrawal, or within 1-2 months of stopping the medication altogether.
REFERENCES
Shell LG: Understanding the Fundamentals
of Seizures. Veterinary Medicine. July 1993. 622-627.
Shell, LG: The Diagnostic Approach
to Seizures Veterinary Medicine. July 1993. 641-646.
Thomas, WB. Managing Epileptic Dogs.
The Compendium on Continuing Education for Practicing Veterinarians.
Vol. 16, No. 12. December 1994. 1573-1578.
Trepanier, LA. Use of Bromide As
an Anticonvulsant for Dogs with Epilepsy JAVMA, Vol.207,
No.2, July 15, 1995. 163-166
March, P. A. Seizures: Classification,
Etiologies, and Pathophysiology Clinical techniques in
Small animal practice. Volume 13, No. 3, August 1998. 119-131.
Knowles K. Idiopathic Epilepsy. Clinical
Techniques in Small Animal Practice. Volume 13, No. 3.
August 1998. 144-151.
Dyer KR, Shell LG. Anticonvulsant
Therapy: A Practical Guide the Medical Management of Epilepsy
in Pets. Veterinary Medicine. July 1993. 647-653.
reprinted with kind permission from Sheila Dolan
Managing Editor, the Australian Shepherd
Journal
http://www.ashgi.org
*********************************
Seizures in Dogs
What causes seizures?
Normal neurons
(brain cells) use electrical and chemical signals to
communicate with each other. This communication can
either be excitatory which activates the next neuron, or inhibitory
which shuts off the next neuron. The mechanism causing
seizures in primary epilepsy is thought to be an imbalance
in the excitatory and inhibitory signals to the brain.
Every dog (and person) has a seizure threshold of neurological
activity. Normally the excitatory and inhibitory
signals are in balance which keeps the electrical activity
below the seizure threshold. If the balance within
the neurons shifts too far towards excitation, too many cells
may become excited and a seizure will result. This excitation
happens within the brain and is not related to your dog becoming
excited about his favorite activity. In fact most seizures
occur while a dog is at rest or asleep.
It is often difficult
to determine what type of seizure your dog is having,
therefore, it is very important that you keep calm when
your dog has a seizure and observe him or her very closely.
Since seizures rarely happen at your vets office, a detailed
written description or a video of the seizure may help
in the treatment and diagnosis of epilepsy.
The following
is a list of seizure types in humans as defined by
the International Classification of Epileptic Seizures
(ICES).
International
Classification of Epileptic Seizures:
I. Partial
Seizures (also called focal or local seizures)
A.
Simple partial seizures (consciousness is not impaired)
1. With
motor symptoms
2. With
somatosensory symptoms
3. With
special sensory symptoms
4. With
autonomic symptoms
5. With
psychic symptoms
B. Complex
partial seizures
1.
Beginning as a simple partial seizure
a. With
automatisms
b. Without
automatisms
2.
With impaired consciousness at onset
a. With
automatisms
b. Without
automatisms
C. Partial
seizures with secondary generalization
II. Generalized
seizures (bilateral without localized onset)
A. Absence
seizures
1. True
absence (petit mal)
2. Atypical
absence
B. Myoclonic
seizures
C. Clonic
seizures
D. Tonic
seizures
E. Tonic-clonic
seizures (grand mal)
F. Atonic
seizures
III. Unclassified
seizures
Simple partial
seizures
All partial seizures
are characterized by onset in a limited area, or
focus of one cerebral hemisphere. The ICES classifies
simple partial seizures as those that are not associated
with any impairment of consciousness.
Although the ability to respond may be preserved, motor manifestations
or anxiety relating to the seizure's symptoms may prevent
your pup from responding appropriately.
There are many
different types of simple partial seizures
and your pup may exhibit a wide range of unusual movements
and behavior during a seizure. The International
Classification of Epileptic Seizures lists eighteen categories
of simple partial seizures. Some of the more common
ones are:
Motor simple partial
seizures alter muscle activity. Frequently
motor seizures Partial seizures with motor symptoms will
cause stiffening or jerking of the legs on one side of the
body. Another common simple partial seizure is facial
twitching usually on one side of the head. Any muscle
group may be involved. Abnormal movements may be restricted
to one body part or gradually spread to adjacent areas on
the same side of the body or both sides of the body with loss of
consciousness (secondary generalized seizure).
Sensory seizures
cause hallucinations or illusions (distortion
of a true sensation). Hallucinations may remain
restricted to one area or spread to other areas.
Hallucinations can involve any sensory modality, including
touch (pins and needles) smell or taste, vision and hearing
(buzzing). Unfortunately our dogs can't tell us
what happened, even when consciousness is preserved during
a seizure, so we don't know for sure if our pups have sensory
seizures.
Autonomic seizures
cause vomiting, pain, hunger, warmth, and heart
palpitations.
Psychic seizures
affect how dogs feel, think and experience
things. Psychic seizures can evoke spontaneous
emotions like extreme fear or aggression.
A seizure should be suspected for any dog who exhibits brief
periods of unprovoked, extreme fear or aggression.
Complex partial
seizures
Complex partial
seizures cause impaired consciousness and arise from
a single region in the brain. Impaired consciousness
implies decreased responsiveness and awareness of
self and surroundings, however consciousness many not
be impaired completely. In people, there is often
no memory of what happened during all or part of the complex
partial seizure. Automatisms (automatic repetitive
movements) are common and may involve any body part.
The mouth is frequently involved and automations may include
lip smacking, chewing or swallowing. The limbs may also
be involved with either simple movements involving one leg,
or with very complex coordinated movements involving bilateral
limbs. Some examples of complex movements are cycling
or swimming motions.
Generalized
Seizures
Seizures are classified
as generalized seizures when the first clinical
signs indicate that both sides of the brain are involved
in the seizure. Consciousness may, or may not be
impaired. Muscle involvement happens on both sides of
the body. The following are some types of generalized
seizures:
Absence seizures
(Petit Mal) are common in humans and are described
as an abrupt and brief loss of consciousness. True
absence seizures are rare or at least rarely recognized in
veterinary medicine.
Myoclonic seizures
are characterized by a brief, shock-like jerking
of a muscle or group of muscles.
Clonic seizures
are seizures that involve rhythmic contractions
of muscles. Typically a dog will paddle or have jerking
motion in the limbs and chewing movements.
Tonic seizures
causes generalized muscle rigidity. In
dogs, the limbs are usually extended and stiff and the mouth
may appear to be locked in an open position. Some
dogs do not breath during a tonic seizure or during the tonic
phase of a tonic clonic seizure.
Tonic-clonic
seizures were formerly called grand mal seizures
and are the most common type of generalized
seizure in dogs. Typically a dog will loose consciousness,
fall to his/her side with limbs extended and rigid.
The mouth may appear to be locked in an open position and the
neck may be extended extremely far back. All muscles in the
body are contracted. The result of the muscles in the lungs
contracting forces air out which sometimes appears like crying
out. Breathing may stop for a short time and cyanosis
(turning blue) may occur. A dog may also urinate, defecate
or express his anal glands during this phase of the seizure.
The tonic phase gives way to the clonic phase of the seizure and paddling
or jerking of the limbs and chewing movements begin. After
a minute or so, the muscles relax and the dog's body goes limp.
At this point the dog is deeply unconscious. Slowly they will
regain consciousness, but they may remain groggy and confused for
several minutes after the seizure.
Some dogs have
milder tonic-clonic seizures where consciousness is
maintained and muscle movement is not as violent.
Atonic seizures
are, in a way, the opposite of tonic seizures.
Instead of the body going stiff, all muscle tone is lost.
These seizures are sometimes called "drop attacks" because
when a dog looses all muscle tone he drops to the ground.
As you can see
from the descriptions, seizures are very complex.
They may start out as one type and progress to another.
Knowing what type of seizure your dog is having is
not as important as knowing when your dog is in trouble.
Please be sure to ask your vet when you need to seek emergency
treatment.
Berendt,
M, Clinical Neurology in Small Animals-Localization,
Diagnosis and Treatment
Braund, K G; Clinical
Syndromes in Veterinary Neurology
Clinical Epilepsy
- American Epilepsy Society - 9/99
Plunkett, SJ;
Emergency Procedures for the Small Animal Veterinarian
Thomas, W B Idiopathic
Epilepsy in Dogs, Small Anim Prac Jane 2000,;184-206
Tilley, LP, The
5 Minute Veterinary Consult
©2003
-2007 Canine Seizures All rights reserved
Last Updated March 2007
reprinted with
kind permission from Sandie Snider
WHAT IS A SEIZURE?
Any involuntary behavior
that occurs abnormally may represent a seizure. Seizures are classified
into several categories.
GENERALIZED
(GRAND MAL) SEIZURES - This is the most common form
of seizure in small animals. The entire body is involved
in stiffness and possibly stiffness/contraction cycles
(tonic/clonic action). The animal loses consciousness and may
urinate or defecate.
PARTIAL SEIZURES
- This form of seizure originates from some specific
area in the brain and thus involves the activity of a
specific region of the body. Partial seizures may generalize
to involve the whole body.
PSYCHOMOTOR
SEIZURES - This type of seizure is predominantly
behavioral with the animal involuntarily howling, snapping,
circling, etc. The abnormal behavior may be followed by
a generalized seizure.
Seizures (neurological
events) are often difficult to tell from fainting
spells (cardiovascular events). Classically, true seizures
are preceded by an aura, or special feeling associated
with a coming seizure. As animals cannot speak, we usually
do not notice any changes associated with the aura. The seizure
is typically followed by a post-ictal period during which the
animal appears disoriented, even blind. This period may last only
a few minutes or may last several hours. Fainting animals are
usually up and normal within seconds of the spell.
!!! POST-ICTAL
DISORIENTATION IS THE HALLMARK OF THE SEIZURE
!!!
CAUSES OF SEIZURES
AND DIAGNOSTICS
Seizures may be
caused by situations within the brain, such as trauma
or infection; or by situations centered outside the brain,
such as low blood sugar, hypothyroidism, circulating metabolic
toxins, or external poisons. The first step is to rule out
situations centered outside the brain, easily done with a blood
test. An ophthalmic exam may also be performed as the retina
may show signs of a brain infection. If these tests are negative,
the next step is determined by the age of the pet.
ANIMALS LESS
THAN AGE 1 YEAR - Seizures are usually caused
by infections of the brain. (Canine distemper would be
the classic cause of seizures in a puppy.) Analysis
of cerebrospinal fluid, obtained by a tap under anesthesia,
would be important.
ANIMALS BETWEEN
AGES 1 AND 5 - In these animals, usually no cause
can be found and the term epilepsy, which simply means seizure
disorder, is applied. If seizures are occurring frequently
enough, medication is used to suppress them. Schnauzers, Basset
hounds, Collies, and Cocker spaniels have two to three
times as much epilepsy as other breeds.
ANIMALS MORE
THAN AGE 5 YEARS - In this group, seizures are
usually caused by a tumor growing off the skull and pressing
on the brain (a meningioma*). Most such tumors
are operable if found early. A CAT scan or
MRI would be the next step. Special referral is necessary
for this type of imaging. For patients where surgery is not
an option, corticosteroids may be used to reduce swelling in
the brain. Treatment to suppress seizures may also be needed
(see below).
Epilepsy is the
name given to seizure disorders for which no cause
can be found. It is not a unique disease in and of itself.
Seizures resulting
from metabolic problems or toxicity (i.e., when the
brain itself is normal) are called
REACTIVE SEIZURES
Seizures resulting
from an identifiable brain abnormality are called
SECONDARY SEIZURES.
Seizures for which
neither of the above problems apply (i.e., when no
cause can be found) are called PRIMARY SEIZURES.
MEDICATION
TO SUPPRESS SEIZURES: PHENOBARBITAL
Treatment of any
seizure disorder is aimed at suppressing the seizure
with medication. The drug of choice is phenobarbital.
WHEN TO BEGIN
TREATMENT:
When seizures
occur in clusters, that is, one after the other.
When isolated
seizures occur once a month or more.
When special circumstances
exist regarding how often the animal is observed.
(If an animal cannot be observed, there is no way of knowing
how frequently its seizures are occurring. It may be
best to play it safe.)
The German Shepherd
dog, Golden retriever, Irish setter, or Saint Bernard
breeds are notorious for difficulty in seizure control.
It is best not to wait for frequent seizures in these cases
as each seizure makes the next more difficult to control.
WHAT YOU SHOULD
KNOW ABOUT PHENOBARBITAL
This medication
is a long-acting barbiturate capable of suppressing
seizure activity in the brain. It is an inexpensive
drug though the monitoring necessary amounts to about $300
per year.
It takes 1 to
2 weeks to build up a blood level capable of suppressing
seizures. This means that the effectiveness of a given
dose cannot be assessed before this period. After this
time, a phenobarbital blood level should be run to determine
the effectiveness of the dose being used. Phenobarbital blood
levels, once therapeutic, are checked every 6 months or sooner
if breakthrough seizures occur.
Twenty to thirty
percent of epileptic dogs cannot be controlled with
phenobarbital alone. If an animal on phenobarbital continues
to seizure, a blood level must be drawn. Before adding other
drugs, however, it must be shown that the maximum therapeutic
phenobarbital blood level has been ineffective; most animals are
no where near the maximum level and simply require a dose higher than
what they are receiving. If phenobarbital is simply not effective
or has unacceptable side effects, potassium bromide may be used to
complement phenobarbital at a lower dose.
Another important
part of monitoring regards the toxicity of phenobarbital.
This medication can be harmful to the liver thus liver
function is periodically checked. A bile acids liver function
test and a phenobarbital blood level are recommended twice
a year.
COMMON SIDE
EFFECTS
SEDATION -
animals may become quite stuporous as they get used
to this drug. This effect is temporary, lasting until
the patient's metabolism adjusts (usually no longer than
a few days).
EXCESSIVE THIRST
AND APPETITE - These side effects are annoying
and, unfortunately, permanent if they occur. If these
side effects become too objectionable, the phenobarbital
dose will have to be lowered and another medication added
for seizure control.
WHAT IF PHENOBARBITAL
DOESN'T WORK OR CAUSES UNACCEPTABLE SIDE EFFECTS?
This can happen
and in such cases, potassium bromide (often abbreviated
KBr) becomes the next best choice. The phenobarbital
dose is generally cut back and potassium bromide is given
at a high dose for a day or two before dropping to a maintenance
bromide dose. Potassium bromide is felt to be an investigational
treatment by the FDA and special permission is needed to use
it; still, 85% of phenobarbital failures can be controlled
with potassium bromide. Bromides reach therapeutic levels
very slowly (months), thus in most cases, bromides and phenobarbitol
are used in combination. Due to the success of seizure control
with potassium bromide, many neurologists begin therapy here
instead of with phenobarbital.
SEIZURES AT
HOME (WHEN IS IT AN EMERGENCY?)
It is a lucky
pet that never has another seizure after beginning
medications, but an occasional breakthrough seizure (as
disturbing as it may be to watch) is rarely of serious concern.
It is important not to put yourself in danger around a seizuring
pet. You may get bitten during involuntary jaw snapping, and
in the period of post ictal disorientation the pet may not recognize
you and may snap. There are, however, some emergency situations:
SEIZURE ACTIVITY
NON-STOP FOR 5 MINUTES OR MORE
(this is called
status epilepticus)
MORE THAN 3
SEIZURES IN A 24-HOUR PERIOD
If a particularly
bad seizure occurs at home or if either of the above
emergencies occur, a special first aid technique can be
used: Rectal administration of valium. In initial studies
the injectable product was delivered rectaly with a special
syringe that could be kept at home. The rectal route avoids
any danger of being bitten while trying to asminister medication.
Recently compounding pharmacies have been able to produce
valium rectal suppositories which may be easier to use than
the syringe method. Rectal valium administration has been
used successfully for many years in epileptic children; the
technique has adapted well to veterinary patients.
CAN SEIZURE
MEDICATION BE STOPPED?
While there is
some risk to discontinuing seizure medications, this
may be appropriate for some patients. Dogs should be completely
seizure-free for at least a year before contemplating
stopping treatment. In breeds for which seizure control is
difficult, it is probably best never to stop medication
(German Shepherds, Siberian huskies, Keeshonds, Golden retreivers,
Irish setters, St. Bernards). Phenobarbital is a medication
that cannot be suddenly discontinued; if you are interested
in discontinuing seizure medication, be sure to discuss this thoroughly
with your veterinarian.
OTHER INFORMATION
*At the 2004 meeting
of the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine,
a study by Mikszewski's group from the University of
Pennsylvania presented a retrospective study on 171 canine
brain tumor cases. They found 46% of tumors to be meningiomas,
17% astrocytomas, 15% oligodendrogliomas, 7% choroid plexus
tumors, and 4% were cases of lymphoma arising in the brain.
The average age at diagnosis was 9.5 years. Most dogs were mixed
breeds but the second most common breed was the Golden retriever
(and third most common breed was the Boxer). The most common symptom
bringing the dog to the veterinarian was seizures. Enough
of the patients studied had abnormalities on chest radiographs or
abdominal ultrasound for the researchers to recommend these procedures
prior to expensive brain imaging or surgery.
The Epilepsy
Genetic Research Project
Veterinary neurologists
at several universities are looking for a genetic answer to epilepsy. They
seek DNA samples from epileptic dogs and their close relatives if possible.
For more information, visit http://www.canine-epilepsy.net/cerc.html
Canine Epilepsy
Network
Affiliated with
the veterinary school at the University of Missouri
at Columbia, this site reviews canine seizure disorders,
treatment, history and more.
Epil-K9
This is a support
and news group for owners of seizuring dogs. The
group has a substantial library of useful resources at:
Copyright
2001 - 2007 by the Veterinary Information Network, Inc. All rights
reserved.
This work was
originally published by Veterinary Information
Network, Inc.
(VIN) and is republished with VIN's permission.
************************
Seizures are the result of
a disturbance in the electrical activity of brain cells. They can
occur for a variety of reasons, in any breed of dog. Epilepsy is
the term used for recurrent seizures where no underlying disease process
can be identified as the cause (also called idiopathic epilepsy).
Inherited idiopathic
epilepsy is genetically transmitted in some breeds
of dogs. Seizures typically begin between 1 and 3 years of
age. Before or after this age, the seizures are more likely
caused by an active disease process, such as infection, trauma,
a metabolic disorder, or a tumour.
How is epilepsy
inherited?
The mode of inheritance
is unknown, and varies between breeds. In some
breeds, it appears that more than 1 gene is involved.
What breeds are
affected by epilepsy?
Instances of idiopathic
epilepsy have been reported in nearly all breeds.
However there is an increased risk, and evidence for an
inherited basis, in the following breeds: Belgian tervueren (a
high incidence), beagle, Bernese mountain dog, Brittany spaniel,
cocker spaniel, collie, German shepherd, golden retriever,
Irish setter, keeshond, Labrador retriever, poodle (all
sizes), miniature schnauzer, Saint Bernard, wirehaired fox terrier
For many breeds
and many disorders, the studies to determine the
mode of inheritance or the frequency in the breed have not
been carried out, or are inconclusive. We have listed breeds
for which there is a consensus among those investigating
in this field and among veterinary practitioners, that the
condition is significant in this breed.
What does epilepsy
mean to your dog & you?
The effects of
a seizure depend on the part of the brain involved.
Typically there is a change in behaviour (eg. confusion,
fear, rage), consciousness (the animal may or may not
lose consciousness), motor activity (rigid or jerky muscle
spasms, or paddling), and autonomic activity (salivation,
urination, and defecation). Changes in sensory function may
lead to pawing at the face, tail chasing, or biting at part of
the body or the air.
Seizures may be
partial or generalized, and mild or severe (grand
mal). A dog experiencing a mild generalized seizure might
be confused, show weakness and some muscle tremors, and
look to the owner for reassurance. A dog in a grand mal
seizure will be unconscious, with rigid or jerking limbs,
and involuntary salivation, urination, and defecation.
Seizures vary
in frequency as well, from very occasional to almost
constant. Status epilepticus is a series of seizures in
rapid succession, or 1 continuous seizure. This is a medical
emergency which requires immediate veterinary attention.
It is common for
a dog to show a change in behaviour such as hiding
or attention-seeking for hours or even days before a seizure
(called the prodrome or aura). Abnormal behaviour associated
with fatigue, depression, hunger, thirst, or hyperactivity
may last for days afterward (post-ictal phase).
How is epilepsy
diagnosed?
You may not recognize
that what has occurred in your dog is a seizure
(especially if mild), and your dog will likely be back to
normal by the time you see your veterinarian (except in the
case of status epilepticus). Thus your description
of the abnormal activity you observed is very important.
In order to determine
if seizures are due to an underlying disease or
are a result of idiopathic inherited epilepsy, your veterinarian
will consider the age and breed of your dog and the changes
you observed, do various diagnostic tests to rule out
other possible causes, and ask questions such as whether
your dog may have been exposed to any toxins or possibly received
a head injury.
The sudden onset
of frequent seizures usually indicates an active brain
disease, whereas otherwise normal animals that have a
few seizures a year likely have idiopathic epilepsy.
How is epilepsy
treated?
Treatment depends
on factors such as the severity and frequency of
the seizures. A dog that experiences the occasional mild
seizure probably needs no treatment other than watchfulness
on the part of the owner. Grand mal seizures or status
epilepticus, at the other extreme, require emergency medical
treatment to sedate or anesthetize the dog, and to prevent the
brain damage associated with prolonged seizure activity.
Once your veterinarian
has determined that your dog has idiopathic epilepsy
(ie. no specific cause that can be treated), s/he will likely
recommend regular medication to control seizures if
they occur more than once a month or in clusters, or if your
dog has experienced a grand mal seizure. Phenobarbital is
the drug most commonly used and it is safe, effective and inexpensive.
Your veterinarian will work with you to determine the lowest
effective dose for your dog. You will be asked to keep careful
track of any seizures as well as all drugs given. Blood levels
of phenobarbital should be measured periodically, as well as
indicators of liver and kidney function. With this monitoring,
most dogs with idiopathic epilepsy can lead a normal life. Dosages
may need to be adjusted if there is a change in seizure frequency
or severity, or if medication is given for another reason. If seizures
were initially readily controlled and none has occurred for 6 to
9 months, your veterinarian may very gradually reduce the dosage,
and sometimes ultimately discontinue the use of anticonvulsants.
Phenobarbital
is not always effective and there are other anticonvulsants
that can be tried. Acupuncture is another alternative
which may be effective as a first line of treatment, or when
use of anticonvulsants fails to control the seizures. A veterinarian
specializing in acupuncture should be consulted.
Breeding advice
Dogs that have
experienced seizures, and their parents and siblings,
should not be used for breeding.
The Institute
for Genetic Disease Control in Animals http://www.vetmed.ucdavis.edu/gdc/gdc.html
maintains an open research database for idiopathic
epilepsy in the Irish setter, Labrador retriever, and
Bernese mountain dog. The Keeshond Club in Britain has operated
a genetic counselling programme for keeshonds since 1989.
The American Belgian Tervueren Club has also participated in
a programme to gain information to reduce the incidence of epilepsy
in this breed.
FOR MORE INFORMATION
ABOUT THIS DISORDER, PLEASE SEE YOUR VETERINARIAN.
Resources
Institute for
Genetic Disease Control in Animals: http://www.vetmed.ucdavis.edu/gdc/gdc.html
Hall, S.J.G.,
Wallace, M.E. 1996. Canine epilepsy: a genetic counselling
programme for keeshonds. Veterinary Record. 138:
358-360.
Chrisman, C.L.
1995. Seizures. In S.J. Ettinger and E.C. Feldman (eds.)
Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine, pp. 152-156.
W.B. Saunders Co., Toronto.
Parent, J. 1996.
Signalment and seizure pattern in the diagnosis
and treatment of recurrent seizures. ACVIM-Proceedings
of the 14th Annual Vet. med. Forum. p. 326-327.
Copyright
© 1998 Canine Inherited Disorders Database.
All rights reserved. Revised: October 30, 2001.
This database
is a joint initiative of the Sir James Dunn Animal Welfare
Centre at the Atlantic Veterinary College, University
of Prince Edward Island, and the Canadian Veterinary Medical
Association.
Naturally Treating Epilepsy and Siezure
Disorders
by Darleen
Rudnick, Pet Nutritionist
http://www.purelypets.com
Epilepsy has
become a growing concern with pet owners and is becoming a very common problem
in veterinary medicine.
Epilepsy is a disorder
characterized by intermittent seizures, which
are caused by electrical disturbances in the nerve cells
in a section of the brain. When neurons that fire electrical
impulses in the brain go haywire, they short circuit normal
brain processes, resulting in a seizure.
Common Types of Seizures
There are two BASIC forms
of epilepsy. Infrequent "Petit Mal" or "partial
motor seizures" -- a less severe form of epilepsy, which
affects only a specific group or groups of muscles.
"Grand mal" or "major motor" seizures are more severe.
These include a loss of consciousness and gross body movements.
During a seizure the
most common symptoms are:
*The pet will stiffen
*Looses consciousness
*Urinate
*Salivate
*Jerks intermittently
The seizure may last one
to five minutes and afterward, the pet may seem exhausted,
confused and disoriented for minutes or hours.
Investigated case studies
in MANY breeds have failed thus far to prove
a genetic link to Epilepsy. This contradicts the
belief that it is a genetic problem.
However, it is unlikely
that a five year old dog or cat has true epilepsy if the seizures
began at the age of 5. You can not completely
rule it out, but generally in this case it was caused by
environmental or nutritional factors.
Therefore, epilepsy is
only the minor cause of the bigger problem.
Major Causes of Seizures:
*Liver disease
*Severe worm infestation,
particularly roundworms, is sometimes a cause of seizure episodes.
These and other parasites release toxins that have
an adverse affect on the central nervous system.
*Low blood glucose (See
Hypoglycaemia Schedule)
*Lead, Chemicals, Additives
and Poisoning high amounts of lead in the environment
and in pet foods are unhealthy. This also pertains
to flea sprays, collars, yard sprays, household, cleaners,
etc.
*Vaccinations sometimes
produce an allergic encephalitis inflammation of the brain a
few weeks after receiving it. It could be due to the proteins
and/or organisms contained in the vaccine.
*Infections, cysts and
cancer
*Head Trauma may develop
into convulsive seizures.
Renal Kidney Failure and
much more.
Therefore, diagnosing
epilepsy is primarily a process of eliminating all known possible
causes of the seizures.
Types of treatments
Being Used
Many different types of
traditional treatments are being used today to control
seizure activity. Some are phenobarbital, primidone,
diazepam (Valium), potassium bromide, or a combination
of two.
Although drugs are very
effective, in most cases, they do not cure.
They don't eliminate the cause of the symptom. To
get at the cause of the problem, you need to look at the
whole picture --what is causing the seizures? Once the
cause is found, a PREVENTION PLAN can be initiated.
A prevention plan is a
simple method of enhancing the level of nutrition and making lifestyle
changes. It is an attempt to address any
special needs your pet may have.
PREVENTION PLAN
FIRST: I
do not recommend discontinuing traditional medicine cold turkey
or discontinuing at all. This is YOUR decision based on
how the following program works. I highly recommend you work
closely with someone
knowledgeable in nutrition
(such as a holistic vet, pet nutritionist, etc.) Many
traditional vets may not agree with the programme.
1. VITAMIN C
-- The king of vitamins and absolutely essential
to the living process. To clear the myth that dogs produce
enough of Vitamin C, dogs do produce their own vitamin C,
but they are poor producers. Stress can quickly
burn up the small amounts that they make. Stress is separation
from the mother, relocation to a new home, neutering, immunizations,
sickness, skin problems, ear crops, deworming, heartworm
pills, teething, weather changes, Epilepsy, and much more.
Medical science has described
Vitamin C as one of the least toxic substances known.
It is the single most important thing you can do for
the health of your pet. Sodium ascorbate vs. ascorbic
acid is recommended because it is more alkaline and easier
on the stomach. Powder is best because it is more economical..
After researching many
vitamin companies, I feel the best is "C" Power. http://www.purelypets.com
Purely Pets Store
Quality of Life C Power
is in a sodium ascorbate supplement with many other vitamins,
minerals and herbs. Bioflavanoids, which is contained in the
product, are essential because they enhance the absorption of Vitamin
C.
2. Other VITAMINS
AND MINERALS are recommended to treat the whole
body with nutrients to strengthen your pet. Vitamins
and Minerals have the power to neutralize the possible
harmful effects of impurities and toxins present in a pet's
food or environment. They will also ensure against
possible dietary deficiencies and provide extra nutrition
in times of stress.
It may sound a little
far fetched to buy vitamins and minerals for your pet to treat
or prevent disease and common ailments, but supplements can make
a tremendous difference in improving the quality of a pet's life.
Depending on the individual
health problems and condition of your pet, I would
recommend:
Protec Body Guard http://www.purelypets.com
Purely Pets Store or Canine Complete Formula
http://www.purelypets.com
3. A Homemade
diet or high quality commercial food is essential.
A low quality diet is
one that contains poultry by-products, meat meal, meat by-products,
caramel colouring, BHA, BHT, molasses, flours (wheat flour,
rice flour), excessive amounts of salts, fillers, sodium nitrite,
propylene glycol, sugar, artificial colour, and
artificial flavourings. Most of the supermarket foods
have one or more of the above. Semi moist foods, which
are made up of 22 percent sugar are the worst because the sugars
deplete the body of vitamins and minerals.
Sodium nitrate is found
to produce epileptic-like changes in the brain activity of rats
who ate it regularly. There are many causes of
epilepsy but a low quality diet, may be one contributing
factor.
Contamination from lead
is a serious environmental problem. There is an
added exposure for animals who eat canned food because
the lead used to solder the side seam of cans leaks into
the contents. Lead affects the nervous system, the
kidneys, red blood cells, and the enzyme systems.
However, by regularly
supplementing your pet's daily diet with vitamins and minerals, including
high doses of vitamin C, you can neutralize the effects of lead
intake and keep your pet's immune system strong.
I have researched most
of the pet food companies on the market and the two I highly recommend
is Sirius and PHD. These products are made with
high quality meats, whole grains, probiotics, and chelated
minerals.
Sirius and PHD can be
seen at http://www.purelypets.com
The absolute best you
can do, of course, is homemade food. There is nothing wrong
with carrots, peas, salad, fruits and cooked cereals. Pets
like variety, just as we do.
4. Eliminate toxins
in the house, yard and on your pet. NO
cigarette smoke, flea collars, flea sprays, air fresheners,
carpet powders, yard control, etc.
5. Put your pet
on the Hypoglycaemia schedule. Hypoglycaemia is a medical term meaning
low blood sugar, a condition that is becoming more common
in pets and especially pets suffering from seizure activity.
Many epileptic pets, seizure during the night or when not
fed more than once a day.
The Hypoglycaemia feeding
schedule is as follows:
7:00 a.m. *breakfast
11:00 a.m. **snack
3:00 p.m. **snack
7:00 p.m. *dinner
11:00 p.m. large
snack -- this should be high in protein. For example,
two
plain rice cakes with
peanut butter in the middle, oatmeal and honey, chicken,
brown rice, etc.
*Breakfast and dinner
should be a high quality dry food or homemade meal.
**Snacks can include something
FRESH:
*Celery
*Carrots
*Apples
*Pears
*Bran crackers
*or another fruit or vegetable
Your goal IS NOT
to put weight on your pet (unless he is underweight), but to
balance out the body, stabilize the blood sugar level, which will
ultimately control the seizures.
All pets having seizures
should follow the above plan to rule out hypoglycaemia. If
this is the problem, the seizures can be controlled through:
*Feeding a high quality
diet to maintain proper blood sugar levels.
*Keeping stress to a minimum.
*Exercising moderately.
*For susceptible dogs,
especially toy breeds, add honey to the drinking
water in a ratio of 1/2
teaspoon honey to 2 cups of water.
*Supplementing with high
quality vitamins
*MOST IMPORTANT:
Feed small frequent meals.
Symptoms of a hypoglycaemic
attack are as follows:
*staggering or collapse
*becoming very weak
*becoming aggressive
*moodiness
*may stare or eyes look
glassy
*may go into a seizure
If this happens it is essential
to administer a source of glucose. The best
source of glucose is honey. If this is not available
you can use jelly, karo syrup or maple syrup. Put
a small amount of one of these directly into the mouth.
It will be quickly absorbed.
6. Exercise!!
This is self explanatory. Without exercise the body does
not function properly. Daily walks are great
in cool weather.
7. To control
seizure activity, EpiPlus is recommended. This product
is an alternative to the traditional medicines being
used to control seizures. It has long been known that
a deficiency of the B complex vitamins, can cause seizures
in any species. EpiPlus contains high dosages of
B Complex vitamins and herbs. It is an all natural
product, in powder form, given on a daily basis. There
are no known side effects unless your pet is allergic to one of
the herbs in the product, then it can be taylor- made to fit your
pet's needs at no extra charge.
EpiPlus has had success
in eliminating seizures completely or cutting them down dramatically.
The time factor depends on the individual pet and
it's individual biochemical status.
You can read more about
EpiPlus at http://www.purelypets.com
8. Keep a
positive attitude. DON'T say to your pet, "Oh, I don't know
what to do, I think I am going to have you put to sleep, this is
hopeless, etc." DO say, "You will be fine, I am here
and going to stay with you." Hold your pet in a comforting
reassuring way.
What to do when a seizure
occurs:
1. Remain calm.
This is so important as YOU will prolong
the seizure if you scream or get upset.
2. Turn off all
lights, TV and music. Get to a quiet, dark room.
3. Get the honey
and give one tablespoon. For smaller pets under 15 lbs.,
use 1 teaspoon.
In many cases the honey
will immediately stop the seizure or cut the duration time in
half.
Honey, is made up of 35%
protein & contains half of all the necessary amino
acids. It is a highly concentrated source of many essential
nutrients, including large quantities of carbohydrates
(sugars), some minerals, B complex, and C, D,and E.
Therefore, the honey will immediately raise the blood
sugar putting the body in balance and stabilizing the blood
sugar level.
Below is a list of things
that most commonly cause seizures. Keep in
mind, this does NOT necessarily mean your pet will
have a seizure each time it comes in contact with one of the
below. EACH pet is different and sensitive
to certain things.
THINGS TO AVOID
Hair spray -- do not spray
when pet is in the same room.
Wool -- wool blankets,
wool sofas, etc.
Heartworm pills -- usually
a seizure will occur 1 week to 1 1/2 wks. after administering
the pill.
Cigarette smoke
Pollution from chemical
plants
BHA -- a preservative
commonly used in dog foods.
BHT -- a preservative
commonly used in dog foods
Sodium nitrate -- proven
in research studies to cause severe seizures.
Sodium nitrate is found in MANY things we eat.
Read the ingredient labels carefully.
Carpet powders
Air fresheners -- any
type
Fabric softeners -- if
exposed to clothes that have fabric softener on them.
Dryer sheets -- if exposed
to clothes that have been in the dryer with the dryer
sheets.
Salt, Ferrous sulphate,
Copper sulphate, Calcium Iodate, Monosodium glutamate in excess
Sugar -- sucrose, corn syrup, molasses, cane sugar.
Low quality commercial
dog biscuits and treats
Low quality dry food
Low quality canned food
Plastic bowls -- These
bowls have been implicated as a health concern because the plastic
may leach into the food. All plastics release
some undetectable fumes, especially when heated.
This out gassing means the fumes can pass into the foods
that are served or stored in the bowl or container. Stainless
steel or glass bowls are recommended. Cheap ceramic dishes
-- same concern as above.
Fumes from all
bathroom cleaners
Fumes from bleach
Fumes from dusting products.
